---
aliases:
- Dresser Industries
- Dresser Industries, Inc.
- Dresser Industries Inc
- Dresser Industries Inc /DE/
- S. R. Dresser Manufacturing Company
- S.R. Dresser Manufacturing Company
- S. R. Dresser and Company
- Dresser Manufacturing Company
- DresserIndustries
- DII Industries
- DII Industries, LLC
- Dresser France
- Dresser (France) S.A.
category: Private Organization
created: 2026-10-26
end: 1998
location: Dallas, Texas
relations:
- fn: 3
  reverse: true
  role: founder, Bradford, Pennsylvania; patent dated May 11, 1880
  start: 1880
  type: founded
  with: '[[Solomon R. Dresser]]'
- fn: 10
  reverse: true
  role: purchaser of the Dresser family business; intended to make it a public company
  start: 1928
  type: owned
  with: '[[W. A. Harriman & Company]]'
- end: 1962
  fn: 9
  reverse: true
  role: president and chief executive officer; later chairman of the board
  start: 1928
  type: head_of
  with: '[[Neil Mallon]]'
- end: 1970
  fn: 9
  reverse: true
  role: president
  start: 1962
  type: head_of
  with: '[[John Lawrence]]'
- end: 1982
  fn: 37
  reverse: true
  role: president and chief executive officer from 1970; chairman through 1982
  start: 1970
  type: head_of
  with: '[[John V. James]]'
- fn: 37
  reverse: true
  role: successor to James as chairman
  start: 1983
  type: head_of
  with: '[[John J. Murphy]]'
- fn: 13
  reverse: true
  role: director for twenty-two years after the 1928 purchase
  type: director_of
  with: '[[Prescott Bush]]'
- end: 1951
  fn: 31
  reverse: true
  role: oil field supply salesman, Midland, Texas
  start: 1948
  type: employed_by
  with: '[[George H.W. Bush]]'
- fn: 18
  role: wartime manufacturing assignment
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[Manhattan Project]]'
- end: 1958
  fn: 21
  role: sole stockholder from 1955; liquidated into a Dresser division on April 30,
    1958
  start: 1955
  type: owned
  with: '[[Lane-Wells]]'
- end: 1992
  fn: 24
  role: merged into Dresser on October 26, 1967; refractories business spun off to
    INDRESCO in 1992
  start: 1967
  type: owned
  with: '[[Harbison-Walker Refractories Company]]'
- fn: 37
  role: joint venture M-I Drilling Fluids Company
  start: 1986
  type: partner_of
  with: '[[Halliburton]]'
- end: 1980
  fn: 39
  reverse: true
  role: investigation of questionable foreign payments, parallel to a Department of
    Justice grand jury
  start: 1976
  type: investigated
  with: '[[Securities and Exchange Commission]]'
- fn: 57
  reverse: true
  role: export license for a drill bit plant approved in August 1978; temporary denial
    order against Dresser (France) S.A. on August 26, 1982
  start: 1978
  type: subject_of
  with: '[[United States Department of Commerce]]'
- end: 1998
  fn: 65
  reverse: true
  role: merger completed September 29, 1998
  start: 1998
  type: owned
  with: '[[Halliburton]]'
start: 1880
summary: Oilfield equipment maker founded in 1880, run by Skull and Bones member Neil
  Mallon from 1928 to 1962, licensed in 1978 to build a Soviet drill bit plant, and
  merged into Halliburton in 1998.
tags:
- Organization
- Oilfield
- Dallas
- SkullAndBones
- Halliburton
- Harriman
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- SovietUnion
- AsbestosLitigation
- ColdWarTrade
- ExportControls
- SiberianPipeline
- GeorgeHWBush
- PrescottBush
- NeilMallon
- DickCheney
title: Dresser Industries
updated: 2026-10-26
---

Dresser Industries was an oilfield equipment and engineering company that began in 1880 as a rubber packer business in Bradford, Pennsylvania. It was headquartered in [Dallas, Texas](/places/dallas-texas/) from 1950. From 1928 to 1962 it was run by [Neil Mallon](/people/neil-mallon/), a member of [Skull and Bones](/organizations/skull-and-bones/) in the [Yale University](/organizations/yale-university/) class of 1917, after an investment-banking firm bought the family business. Its subsidiaries supplied the oil industry and wartime production, and its Soviet business appears in [Central Intelligence Agency](/organizations/central-intelligence-agency/) and United States Department of Commerce records for 1948, 1959, 1978 and 1982. In 1998 the company merged into Halliburton, then led by [Dick Cheney](/people/dick-cheney/).[^1][^2]

### Solomon R. Dresser and the Bradford packer, 1880 to 1905

Solomon R. Dresser took out U.S. Patent No. 227,419, "Packing for Artesian Wells," on May 11, 1880. The specification describes a rubber seal that expands against the borehole wall when the tubing is pulled and contracts when it is lowered.[^3] The Handbook of Texas entry describes the product as the Dresser Cap Packer, sold from a frame building in Bradford, in the heart of the oilfields.[^1] The company history gives the same year and says Dresser opened the business in 1880 as S. R. Dresser and Company.[^4]

The packer was not the product that made the company national. Dresser devised a rubber-sealed pipe coupling in 1885, perfected it two years later, and used it to join gas pipelines so that they would not leak. The company history says that a [Standard Oil](/organizations/standard-oil/) superintendent placed an experimental order for nine of Dresser's sleeves in 1894, and that orders from other companies followed.[^5] Dresser incorporated the business in December 1905. The charter financial statement gave company resources of $550,000, of which fourteen patents accounted for almost $180,000.[^6]

The corporate lineage is recorded differently in later filings. The 1993 annual report to the Securities and Exchange Commission says the company was incorporated in Delaware in 1956 as a successor to a Pennsylvania corporation organized in 1938 by the consolidation of S. R. Dresser Manufacturing Company and Clark Bros. Company, and that both predecessors were "carrying on businesses founded in 1880."[^7] The 1997 annual report repeats the 1956 Delaware date.[^8] The Handbook entry and the 1979 corporate history by Darwin Payne both date the founding to 1880.[^1][^9]

### The Harriman purchase and Mallon's presidency, 1928 to 1962

In 1928 the Dresser family sold the business to W. A. Harriman & Company, an investment-banking firm that intended to make the company a public corporation with separate ownership and management. The number of shares rose from 5,000 to 300,000. Of these, 100,000 Class A shares were offered at $48 each, and the Class B shares were held back until 1931. The aging Fred Miller, who had run the business, stayed on as chairman of the board in a consultative capacity. Mallon became president at the age of thirty-three.[^10] The Handbook entry states that Mallon "was selected as president and chief executive officer" and held that position until his retirement in 1962.[^11]

The dates are not uniform. Payne's 1979 history lists the presidents as Solomon R. Dresser from 1880 to 1911, Fred A. Miller from 1911 to 1929, H. Neil Mallon from 1929 to 1962 and John Lawrence from 1962 to 1970.[^9] Prescott Bush, quoted by Garry Wills in 1992, dated the purchase to 1929: "In 1929 we bought Dresser Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania for four million dollars, and we sold securities against that company and refinanced it, you see, so that we retained a substantial measure of control."[^12] The company histories give 1928, and the recollection gives 1929.

The W. A. Harriman people named in the Dresser histories include [E. Roland Harriman](/people/e-roland-harriman/), whom Payne describes as a son of the railroad magnate E. H. Harriman, and [Prescott Bush](/people/prescott-bush/). The Handbook entry says that Bush "had been a W. A. Harriman and Company executive who had been involved in the conversion of Dresser to a public company, and he served on the board of directors for twenty-two years."[^13] Wills quoted Bush's statement that he was "Neil Mallon's chief adviser and consultant in connection with every move that he made with that business during that period of twenty years."[^12] The 1917 Yale class history lists Bush, Mallon, E. Roland Harriman and [Knight Woolley](/people/knight-woolley/) as members of Skull and Bones, and Payne says the same four men had been fellow members of the society.[^14][^15]

The W. A. Harriman firm had a Soviet connection before it bought Dresser. A manganese concession that the Soviet government granted to a Harriman company in 1925 is documented in the papers of [W. Averell Harriman](/people/w-averell-harriman/).[^16]

### Acquisitions and the Liechtenstein subsidiary, 1930 to 1967

Dresser expanded after 1930 because welding was threatening its coupling business. The company bought makers of valves, heaters, pumps and engines, opened a Toronto subsidiary in 1931 after Canada limited imports, and acquired Bryant Heater Company in 1933 for $65,000.[^10][^17] In 1937 it acquired Clark Brothers Company of Olean, New York, a maker of gas engines and compressors, and the two were consolidated in 1938.[^10][^7]

Dresser's wartime production included aircraft landing gear, wing flaps and bomb doors, engines for freighters, and pipeline components. The company history says that one of its most urgent assignments was at the [Manhattan Project](/programs/manhattan-project/), which was engaged in research to develop the atomic bomb, and that sales for 1944 were just under $55 million.[^18] Payne's history states that International Derrick and Equipment Company (IDECO), a maker of derricks and drilling rigs, was acquired by Dresser in 1944.[^9] In October 1944 the company changed its name to Dresser Industries, and the headquarters moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where the new offices opened on March 19, 1945.[^9]

In November 1945 Dresser acquired Security Engineering of Whittier, California, a maker of drilling bits.[^9] In November 1949 it bought the Magnet Cove Barium Corporation of [Houston](/places/houston/) for $2.8 million. The company history says that Magnet Cove was later known as Magcobar.[^19] The headquarters moved to Dallas in 1950, which the company history describes as moving the company to "the epicenter of the U.S. oil business."[^19]

The company history states that in 1952 Dresser set up a Liechtenstein subsidiary, Dresser Vaduz, charged with executing and monitoring all foreign license agreements, and that the subsidiary "also funneled profits between the different countries, thus saving the parent company huge U.S. taxes by keeping profits overseas."[^20]

In 1955 Dresser Industries became the owner of all the stock of Lane-Wells Company, the Los Angeles well-logging and perforating firm, and on April 30, 1958 it liquidated Lane-Wells into a Dresser division, according to the statement of facts in a patent case that reached the Supreme Court.[^21] A Lane-Wells advertisement of July 1955 described the company as "one of the Dresser Industries."[^22] A July 1955 issue of the magazine of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce counted nine affiliated Dresser companies. Ideco and the Security Engineering Division were in Dallas, and Lane-Wells was among the units named elsewhere, with Clark, Dresser-Ideco, Dresser Manufacturing, Magcobar, Pacific and Roots-Connersville.[^23]

John Lawrence succeeded Mallon in 1962 and aimed acquisition offers at companies ancillary to the oil and gas supply business. Harbison-Walker Refractories Company, a maker of heat-resistant brick and other materials for industrial furnaces, was merged into Dresser on October 26, 1967; its chairman, A. B. Wilson, was named to that office on that date, according to the annual report of its Canadian affiliate. The company history describes Harbison-Walker as a $125 million company that cost Dresser about $150 million.[^24][^25] The asbestos claims discussed below concern mainly refractory products of that kind.

### Soviet business, 1948 to 1959

The company history credits John O'Connor, an executive vice president of Dresser known throughout the company as "the world's most travelled executive," with persuading the [Soviet Union](/places/soviet-union/) to build a $6 million natural gas liquefaction plant outside [Moscow](/places/moscow/). The entry states that the plant was slated for completion in 1949, "fell victim to a Commerce Department trade ban early in 1948," and was unfinished until 1954.[^26]

A memorandum of January 14, 1959 by [Lawrence R. Houston](/people/lawrence-houston/), General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency, records a telephone call from a Department of Commerce official about a proposal by an American company to export technical data on petroleum engineering to Russia. Houston wrote that "this is connected with the Dresser Industries matter in which we had been involved about a year ago. Dresser had purchased a number of rotary drills from the Russians and had promised in return to give information or equipment to the Russians if permission to do so were granted. The Department of Commerce refused such permission to Dresser, and we were involved in the consideration of the case." The new application, covering petroleum engineering information including certain drill parts and their manufacture, "was turned down in the first instance on the advice of representatives of the Bureau of Mines and the Gas and Oil Division of Interior." Houston recorded that "the drills obtained from the Russians are now being manufactured by Dresser, and the American Petroleum Industry has benefited considerably thereby," that Dresser was appealing, and that it contended "anyone in the Soviet Bloc could buy their equipment in third countries." Houston arranged for a specialist in the Petroleum Division of the Office of Research and Reports to sit with the Commerce panel. The memorandum carries a copy line to the Director of Central Intelligence.[^27]

### The Dallas Council on World Affairs, 1951

The World Affairs Council of Dallas/Fort Worth states that it was founded in 1951 when Dresser Industries' chairman and president Henry Neil Mallon saw the need for a local institution to encourage citizen understanding of international affairs. Mallon gathered seventeen founders from the corporate and civic communities to create the Dallas Council on World Affairs, which became affiliated with the World Affairs Councils of America, an organization founded in 1918 in conjunction with the Foreign Policy Association.[^28]

### Anthony Kimery and the CIA cover claim

The Central Intelligence Agency enters the Dresser record through Mallon's contacts. Anthony L. Kimery wrote in the CovertAction Information Bulletin in 1992 that Mallon "was a friend to numerous ranking Cold War era intelligence officials, including [Allen Dulles](/people/allen-dulles/)," and that Mallon "steered prospective candidates for spy work to Dulles and often provided cover employment to CIA operatives."[^29] Kimery wrote that Dresser "had routinely served as a CIA cover" and gave as his basis for that statement interviews in 1990 and 1991 with two former Operations Directorate field officers, one of whom claimed to have worked for Dresser as his cover.[^29] He also wrote that [George H.W. Bush](/people/george-hw-bush/) began his career as a salesman for IDECO, a Dresser subsidiary.[^29]

Kimery wrote that Mallon introduced the Russian-born petroleum geologist [George de Mohrenschildt](/people/george-de-mohrenschildt/) to Bush at about the time Mallon gave Bush responsibility for negotiating deals with East-bloc oil officials, and that when a Yugoslav oil industry official came to the United States in 1948 to talk to Dresser, he went directly to Bush in Midland. Kimery quoted [Victor Marchetti](/people/victor-marchetti/), a former CIA officer: "It's inconceivable then that the CIA didn't debrief Bush after each and every meeting [he had with the East's representatives]." A retired CIA operative who said he had worked for Dresser as a cover told Kimery that "Bush had all the characteristics of being a spook."[^30]

### George H.W. Bush at Ideco, 1948 to 1951

A CIA biographical sheet on Bush lists him as an "Oil field supply salesman, Dresser Industries, Midland, Texas, 1948-51," and records that he formed Bush-Overbey Oil Development, Inc., in 1951.[^31] Bush's own account in *All the Best* says that he "accepted the job from Neil Mallon and drove our 1947 Studebaker (a graduation gift from my parents) to Odessa, Texas."[^32] In *Looking Forward*, written with Victor Gold, Bush wrote that Mallon was "a friend and a mentor second only to my father," and that he became "a full-fledged Ideco salesman, selling drilling bits."[^33] An illustration in Payne's company history carries a caption identifying George Bush as an oil-field-supply salesman for Ideco, and Payne's index lists Bush at pages 232 and 233 and Prescott S. Bush at pages 111 to 115.[^34]

Two 1988 accounts in the CIA file tie the job to Mallon. Bob Woodward and [Walter Pincus](/people/walter-pincus/) reported that Mallon, "another member" of the society, "gave Bush his first job out of Yale."[^35] Randall Rothenberg reported that Mallon offered Bush "a bottom-of-the-ladder job in Midland, Tex., at Dresser Industries."[^36] Bush's April 12, 1951 letter to "Mr. H.N. Mallon, Dresser Industries, Dallas, Texas" begins "Dear Neil, This will let you know that we are in business."[^32] The Bushes named their third son for Mallon. Neil Bush was born in Midland on January 22, 1955.[^32]

### John V. James and the Dresser leadership, 1967 to 1982

John V. James was an executive vice president of Dresser Industries in Dallas in 1968, when he joined the board of the Canadian affiliate of Harbison-Walker.[^24] Dresser's president and chief executive from 1970 was James. The company history describes him as a man "whose talents lay in planning," who had gained experience in an army intelligence unit during the Second World War.[^37] Under James the company acquired Lodge-Cottrell in 1972 and Jeffrey Galion in 1974, and it introduced multiproduct plants.[^37] James was chairman in 1982, the company history says, and was succeeded in 1983 by John J. Murphy. A 1986 joint venture with Halliburton created M-I Drilling Fluids Company, and in 1987 a 50-50 venture with Ingersoll-Rand created Dresser-Rand.[^37]

The Business Council, a Washington association of corporate chief executives, listed "John V. James, Chairman & President, Dresser Industries, Inc." among its members in 1977, on a roster that also named Malcolm Baldrige. [Stansfield Turner](/people/stansfield-turner/), the Director of Central Intelligence, attended the council's session at The Homestead in May 1977, and a council officer invited him back for the session of October 13 to 15, 1977. In a letter of October 18, 1977 Turner thanked a council member for the hospitality and for "the reports on the Soviet and Chinese oil production."[^38]

### Questionable foreign payments, 1976 to 1980

On January 27, 1976 Dresser representatives met the staff of the [Securities and Exchange Commission](/organizations/securities-and-exchange-commission/) and agreed to conduct an internal inquiry into questionable foreign payments under the Commission's Voluntary Disclosure Program. Dresser filed Forms 8-K reporting one questionable foreign payment on January 28, 1976, the results of its inquiry on November 11, 1976, and a further payment on February 10, 1977.[^39] On July 15, 1977 Dresser refused the SEC staff access to the documents underlying its report, arguing that disclosure could endanger certain of its employees working abroad. The Department of Justice, which had a task force on transnational payments to which two SEC attorneys were assigned, received the SEC files on the roughly 400 participating companies, Dresser among them, in August 1977, and presented Dresser's case to a grand jury in the District of Columbia on January 25, 1978.[^39]

Dresser sued the SEC and Justice in Houston to stop the investigations. The grand jury subpoenaed its documents on April 21, 1978, the SEC issued a formal order of investigation and a subpoena, and on June 30, 1978 [Thomas A. Flannery](/people/thomas-a-flannery/) of the District Court for the District of Columbia ordered Dresser to comply, in an opinion reported at 453 F. Supp. 573.[^39] The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, sitting en banc with Chief Judge J. Skelly Wright writing, affirmed on July 16, 1980 in *Securities and Exchange Commission v. Dresser Industries, Inc.*, 628 F.2d 1368, and the Supreme Court denied review. The opinion records that the District Court had rejected an attempt by Edward R. Luter, a senior vice president of Dresser, to intervene on behalf of himself and other employees.[^39][^40]

A press clipping in a CIA file of September and October 1978 on the Justice Department's overseas-corruption task force reported that Dresser's chairman, John V. James, "resisted testifying before the grand jury on grounds that he was exonerated by a prior agreement with another government agency in regard to a $1.4 million payment to a foreign official to consummate a $40 million deal."[^41]

### Cold War exports and the 1978 drill bit contract

In June 1978 Soviet trade organizations awarded Dresser two contracts totaling $180 million. One supplied equipment and technology for manufacturing drill bits for oil and gas wells.[^42] The license was issued on August 9, 1978, according to a dispatch by Bernard Gwertzman in the Washington Star of August 30, 1978, and the Foreign Relations of the United States volume cites a State Department telegram of August 11 reporting that the Carter administration approved the export license in August.[^43][^42] The same volume states that Juanita Kreps, the Secretary of Commerce, approved a $140 million drill bit deal in August, and that [Zbigniew Brzezinski](/people/zbigniew-brzezinski/) learned of the approval from the newspaper.[^44]

The Washington Star reported that Dresser issued a statement denying that the $144 million sale of advanced oil drilling technology would enhance Soviet military potential. In it Dresser accused Brzezinski, Energy Secretary [James R. Schlesinger](/people/james-r-schlesinger/) and Senator Henry M. Jackson of being "willing to go to any lengths to question the president's decision and kill the Dresser transaction as a symbol of their hard line attitude." Dresser called a report by J. Fred Bucy, president of Texas Instruments, prepared for the Pentagon's Science Advisory Board, "pre-ordained," and said the Pentagon had already judged that the drill bits "would not significantly enhance Soviet military capability." The Star reported that Brzezinski had convened a Cabinet-level meeting to seek approval for suspending the license and had failed to win the backing of the State and Commerce representatives.[^43]

On August 17, 1978, at a meeting of Secretary of State [Cyrus Vance](/people/cyrus-vance/) with representatives of the National Conference on Soviet Jewry, Eugene Gold, the conference's chairman, "questioned whether enough spade work had been done before the Dresser (drill bit) plant decision had been taken" and said that "First the President had said the entire license was under review, then 'bang' it was approved." Vance told him that the letter authorizing Dresser to sell the equipment had already been transmitted. Later in the meeting Yehuda Hellman, executive director of the Conference of Presidents, asked whether trade might be used as a better carrot with the Soviets. According to the memorandum of conversation, Vance replied that "the problem was that other countries had the same carrot. In the case of the Dresser license, for example, some thought that Dresser was the sole source of (drill bit) technology, but that was simply not true. Others could sell this (drill bit) technology to the Soviets as well."[^42]

Brzezinski's memorandum to [Jimmy Carter](/people/jimmy-carter/) of August 29, 1978 recommended a suspension of the Dresser licenses rather than revocation. It summarized a Defense Science Board report that called deep-well drilling technology "a critical technology, which is wholly concentrated in the U.S.," and rock drill bit manufacture critical as well, and it listed tungsten carbide as militarily significant, "easily diverted" and "not foreign-sourced, at this scale of manufacture." Bucy, a board member, wrote in his letter of transmittal that "a decision regarding the export of a turnkey factory for the manufacturing of drill bits for the exploration of oil is one of those" decisions that can change the course of history. Brzezinski wrote that to ignore the report "would be to play into Senator Jackson's hands," and he described the State and Commerce decision as "clearly hasty."[^45] Carter's marginal note beside the first conclusion of the report reads "We knew this."[^46]

Jackson wanted to prevent the deal by launching an investigation into its military and political ramifications, as Rowland Evans and Robert Novak wrote in the [Washington Post](/organizations/washington-post/) of August 16, 1978.[^47] The FRUS editors' note records that Schlesinger opposed the technology deal, believing that national security would be compromised, and that Brzezinski questioned whether it was still appropriate to continue with it.[^44]

### The Kuybyshev plant and the tungsten carbide assessment, 1982 to 1984

The plant was built at Kuybyshev. A research paper of the CIA Directorate of Intelligence dated September 1984 states that it was designed to produce 100,000 bits annually, 86,000 of them with tungsten-carbide inserts and sealed-journal bearings, that production reached an annual rate of 100,000 as of early 1984, and that quality problems persisted, some aspects of which "probably stem from the inability of Dresser to have provided all of the necessary technical training." Bits from the plant lasted 50 to 60 hours, about one-third the life of comparable bits made in the United States.[^48] A CIA table of foreign availability of petroleum equipment states that "the Dresser drill bit plant would substantially improve Soviet bit productivity, which is poor by international standards" and that foreign competitors could not build a plant as quickly as American companies.[^49]

In February 1982 [William J. Casey](/people/william-j-casey/), the Director of Central Intelligence, wrote to Commerce Secretary Malcolm Baldrige: "As the result of our analysis of recently acquired intelligence information the CIA now believes that the tungsten carbide production technology transferred as part of the Dresser drill bit plant sold to the USSR will be used in improving the armor-penetrating performance of anti-tank ammunition." Casey wrote that the Soviets still desired the hands-on assistance by American technicians called for in the Dresser contract, that denial of it "could stretch out the time required to assimilate the technology to produce improved anti-tank penetrators," and that the attached assessment was sent "because of your current review of this case." The enclosed assessment stated that "we believe this effort derives from Dresser Industries sales to the USSR" and that the know-how "probably was supplied as part of the drill bit turnkey plant built by Dresser Industries in Kuybyshev," adding that the specifications Dresser provided in 1978 and 1979 "included the know-how to vary precisely the composition of tungsten-carbide powders used to make sintered drill bit cones."[^50][^51]

A CIA memorandum for the record on a meeting of February 11, 1982 with two staff members of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence states that they "were not impressed with the new information or our analysis commenting that they had come to that conclusion some three years ago," and that the CIA officers "pointed out that we also had hypothesized this conclusion in 1978 but had no intelligence that confirmed the likelihood." One staff member observed that "they perhaps had focused on the wrong questions in 1978," the concern being whether the technology had been transferred to another plant where military production takes place. The memorandum's author wrote that the staffers wanted the new information used "to prove that they (Senator Jackson's Staff) had been right in their earlier assessment," and that he expected "continuing pressure to break out this material for this purpose."[^52]

The Los Angeles Times reported on May 4, 1982 that a senior military official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said intelligence information showed the Soviets had made at least indirect use of the plant's manufacturing technology, and that the plant had been prepared for conversion to weapons production. The newspaper reported that a Dresser senior vice president for finance said the company had not previously heard the assertion and could not respond to it. The article states that the license was granted for a factory at Kuibyshev, that a Senate investigation of the deal took place in October 1978, and that Army officials had warned in 1978 that the sale would enhance Soviet production of anti-tank weapons.[^53]

### Siberian pipeline sanctions, 1982

The United States imposed controls on oil and gas equipment and technology for the Soviet Union on December 30, 1981 and extended them on June 22, 1982. On August 19, 1982 the General Counsel of the Treasury, Peter J. Wallison, wrote to Secretary [Donald Regan](/people/donald-regan/) that the State Department had been notified the previous afternoon that the French government was about to order Dresser/France, "a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dresser Industries," to deliver three compressors to a Soviet ship in Le Havre for use in the Soviet gas pipeline. He wrote that "we may have an opportunity to enjoin Dresser Industries from permitting its subsidiary to violate U.S. export controls" by a temporary restraining order, and that acting against the American parent would answer European concerns about extraterritoriality. He wrote that seeking a restraining order "would send a strong signal that the President intends to enforce the gas pipeline regulations by whatever means available," and that "if there is to be a challenge in the U.S. courts to the validity of the regulations ... the case against Dresser might well be our strongest litigating position."[^54]

A memorandum of August 23, 1982 to the Senior Interdepartmental Group on International Economic Policy, from the legal offices of the Departments of State, Defense, Treasury, Justice and Commerce and the Trade Representative, described the company: "Dresser/France has a contract to produce over twenty compressors for the pipeline. As a wholly-owned French subsidiary of a U.S. company which has been told by the French Government that the French will take action to force the shipment of the compressors, Dresser/France is in the middle of a difficult French-U.S. jurisdictional tug-of-war." It stated that Dresser Industries "has apparently ordered the subsidiary to obey the export controls and not to ship," that Dresser/France "has reportedly told its freight forwarder not to ship," and that "neither an injunction to force them to do what they have already done nor issuance of a denial order to punish them for what they are trying to prevent appears reasonable." The memorandum continued that "should the French Government seize Dresser/France to force the shipment or should Dresser change its position, consideration should be given to issuing a denial order against Dresser/France."[^55]

On August 23, 1982 Dresser Industries and its French subsidiary, [Dresser France](/organizations/dresser-industries/) (Dresser (France) S.A.), sued in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to restrain Baldrige, the Secretary of Commerce, and other Commerce officials from imposing sanctions on the subsidiary. The court's opinion describes the regulations at issue as prohibiting the export of certain goods and technology to the Soviet Union, particularly goods sought for the construction of the gas pipeline between the Soviet Union and Western Europe, and as promulgated as part of a major foreign policy exercise.[^56] Flannery, who had ordered Dresser to comply with the SEC subpoena in 1978, denied a temporary restraining order on August 24, 1982, with a written order the next day.[^56]

On August 26, 1982 Commerce Hearing Commissioner Thomas W. Hoya issued an order temporarily denying all export privileges to Dresser (France) S.A., which the Federal Register published on August 30. The order recites the Department's statement that Dresser-France was "almost entirely owned by Dresser A.G. (Vaduz), a Liechtenstein corporation which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dresser Industries, a United States corporation," and that its investigation gave it reason to believe that Dresser-France "has manufactured compressors using United States-origin technology for use in, for, or by the Soviet Union" and "has exported, or has placed beyond its control to prevent the export of, these compressors from France to the Soviet Union contrary to the Regulations." The Hearing Commissioner found the order "required in the public interest to facilitate enforcement of the Export Administration Act of 1979" and "to permit completion of the Department's investigation."[^57] A Commerce briefing prepared for Casey's use stated that Dresser (France), of Le Havre, was "a second tier subsidiary of Dresser Industries, Inc. in Dallas, Texas," held through a Liechtenstein parent at Vaduz, that it had received its compressor technology from the Dresser Clark Division in Olean before December 30, 1981, and that it was subcontracted to Creusot-Loire to provide 21 centrifugal compressor units, against 42 for Creusot-Loire, 57 for Nuovo Pignone and 5 for Demag.[^58]

Dresser appealed the denial order on September 2. The Hearing Commissioner modified it by an order dated September 7, published September 9, to limit its scope to commodities and technical data relating to oil and gas exploration, production, transmission or refinement.[^59] On September 9 Joyce Hens Green set a schedule under which discovery requests would be served by September 9, responses would be provided by September 14, and a hearing on the motion to vacate the denial order would be held before the Hearing Commissioner by September 17. She denied the restraining order without prejudice to renewal if that hearing did not take place.[^56] The reported decision is *Dresser Industries, Inc. v. Baldridge*, 549 F. Supp. 108 (D.D.C. 1982).[^60]

A Commerce memorandum of October 6, 1982 on the sanctions stated that Creusot-Loire "served as the conduit of payment by Machinoimport to Dresser France," and that Creusot "signed a Declaration of Conformity subsequent to the June 22, 1982 U.S. export controls which stated that the Dresser France compressors conformed to the technical specifications of the September 28, 1981 supply contract between Creusot-Loire, Dresser France and Machinoimport."[^61] On November 16, 1982, after the amendment of the regulations to rescind the controls of December 30, 1981 and June 22, 1982, the Hearing Commissioner vacated the order against Dresser (France) on the Department's motion, noting that "the administrative proceeding against Dresser-France was based on the now-rescinded controls" and that the Department "will take no further action to enforce those controls." The order was published on November 22, 1982.[^62]

### Harbison-Walker and the asbestos claims

Dresser's annual report for fiscal 1993 states that the company had approximately 42,800 pending asbestos claims, about 12,000 of them filed in 1993. The company states that it "has never been a miner or processor of asbestos," but it produced refractory products that contained some asbestos, and about half the pending claims alleged exposure to those products.[^63] Since 1976 the company had tried, settled or disposed of about 13,000 claims for $29 million including legal fees, with insurance covering 60 to 67 percent of legal fees and settlements. About 80 percent of the settled claims related to refractory products.[^63]

The refractories business was separated from Dresser in a spin-off to INDRESCO, Inc. Under the agreement made at the spin-off, INDRESCO assumed liability for asbestos claims filed after July 31, 1992 relating to refractory products of the Harbison-Walker Refractories Division. The report for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1995 names the successor as Harbison-Walker Refractories Company, "formerly INDRESCO Inc."[^64] The 1999 report of Halliburton states that Global Industrial Technologies, Inc., formerly INDRESCO, now disputes that it assumed responsibility for any of those claims based on negligence. It also reports that about 183,000 claims had been filed against Dresser and its former divisions over twenty years, with 29,400 new claims in 1998.[^65]

### Baroid and the 1990s

In fiscal 1993 Dresser reported consolidated sales and service revenues of $4,216 million, divided into three segments: Oilfield Services, Hydrocarbon Processing Industry and Engineering Services.[^66] The company acquired Bredero Price Holding B.V., a Netherlands pipe-coating business, on February 1, 1993, and TK Valve & Manufacturing, Inc., a Texas maker of ball valves, on April 1, 1993.[^66] The Baroid merger, effective January 21, 1994, combined Dresser with Baroid Corporation, a Houston drilling-fluids and offshore services company. Baroid's shareholders received approximately 37.3 million Dresser shares. The Antitrust Division of the [Department of Justice](/organizations/department-of-justice/) required Dresser to dispose of either its 64 percent interest in M-I Drilling Fluids Company or Baroid's drilling fluids business, and to divest the United States diamond drill bit business of DB Stratabit, Inc. The 1993 report names Halliburton as the minority partner in M-I, whose consent the sale of that interest required.[^66] The Handbook of Texas entry states that upon completion of the Baroid merger Dresser became "the third-largest oil-services company in the world."[^67]

### Halliburton merger, 1998

The merger was negotiated between Dick Cheney, then chief executive of Halliburton, and William E. Bradford, chairman and chief executive of Dresser. The registration statement on Form S-4 that Halliburton filed on May 18, 1998 recounts that the two companies' predecessors had discussed a combination in 1994 under a confidentiality agreement, and that those talks ended without agreement on essential terms.[^68]

According to the S-4, Cheney and Bradford met briefly on August 25, 1997 concerning Halliburton's pending acquisition of NUMAR Corporation, and met again in Dallas on October 2, 1997. On January 17, 1998, during a customer's quail hunt in South Texas, they agreed to discuss the matter further in Dallas.[^69] At the Dallas meeting on January 27, 1998, Bradford "clearly stated that Dresser was not for sale."[^70] Cheney proposed a merger of Dresser into a Halliburton subsidiary with an exchange ratio of 0.95 Halliburton share for each Dresser share. He proposed that Bradford become chairman of the combined company, that Donald C. Vaughn, Dresser's president and chief executive, become vice chairman, and that Cheney and David J. Lesar keep their Halliburton posts.[^68] Bradford said he would expect an improved ratio. The final exchange ratio was one Halliburton share for each Dresser share.[^68][^71]

Halliburton had engaged SBC Warburg Dillon Read and [Goldman Sachs](/organizations/goldman-sachs/) as financial advisers on November 1, 1997. The definitive merger agreement was executed on February 25, 1998.[^71] The merger brought approximately 175 million Halliburton shares to Dresser's holders, and it was completed on September 29, 1998 under pooling of interests accounting.[^65][^71]

### DII Industries and the Chapter 11 filings, 2002 to 2005

In the second quarter of 2002 the former Dresser Industries, Inc. became a limited liability company and was renamed DII Industries, LLC, as part of a reorganization in which Halliburton placed the entities of its Engineering and Construction Group under the former Dresser entity.[^72] A bankruptcy court temporary restraining order entered on February 14, 2002 stayed more than 200,000 pending asbestos claims against DII Industries.[^72] In April 2001 Halliburton had sold the Dresser Equipment Group, which was renamed Dresser, Inc., retaining a 5.1 percent equity interest.[^73]

Halliburton's 2002 annual report describes a proposed global settlement of up to $2.775 billion in cash, 59.5 million Halliburton shares and notes with a net present value expected to be less than $100 million, payable to a trust for current and future asbestos and silica claimants. DII Industries and Kellogg, Brown & Root would retain the first $2.3 billion of insurance proceeds, and the settlement was to be implemented through a pre-packaged Chapter 11 filing.[^72] The same report describes the disclosure statement to be mailed to the more than 347,000 current claimants.[^74]

According to Halliburton's 2003 annual report, DII Industries, Kellogg, Brown & Root and some of their subsidiaries filed Chapter 11 proceedings on December 16, 2003, in bankruptcy court in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[^75] The order confirming the plan of reorganization became final and nonappealable on December 31, 2004, and the plan became effective in January 2005, when Halliburton contributed approximately $2.345 billion in cash, 59.5 million shares of its common stock and notes to the trusts.[^76]

If the settlement had failed, Halliburton's 2002 report stated, asbestos claims would have been resolved in the tort system or, for Harbison-Walker claims, possibly through the Harbison-Walker bankruptcy proceedings.[^77] In a statement filed on December 3, 2004, Halliburton said that a Third Circuit decision in the Combustion Engineering bankruptcy had no impact on the DII and Kellogg, Brown & Root bankruptcy, because in the DII case no asbestos liabilities were channeled to a trust other than liabilities of the debtors.[^78]

[^1]: Darwin Payne, "Dresser Industries: A Legacy in Energy and Natural Resources," *Handbook of Texas Online*, Texas State Historical Association: the Dresser Cap Packer and the May 11, 1880 patent; the 1885 coupling; the 1928 conversion by W. A. Harriman and Company; the move to Dallas in 1950. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/dresser-industries
[^2]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc." (St. James Press), reproduced on Encyclopedia.com: the 1880 start in Bradford, the 1928 sale to W. A. Harriman and Company, the 1948 trade ban, the move to Dallas in 1950, the 1986 joint venture with Halliburton. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^3]: Solomon R. Dresser, "Packing for Artesian Wells," U.S. Patent No. 227,419, dated May 11, 1880, Bradford, Pennsylvania. https://patents.google.com/patent/US227419A
[^4]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": Solomon Dresser opened S. R. Dresser and Company in Bradford in 1880 and designed an expanding india-rubber packer. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^5]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": the leakproof coupling of 1885, perfected two years later, and the experimental order of nine sleeves from a Standard Oil superintendent in 1894. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^6]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": the charter signed in December 1905, capital stock of $500,000, resources of $550,000 and fourteen patents accounting for almost $180,000. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^7]: Dresser Industries, Inc., Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1993, filed January 28, 1994 (accession 0000950131-94-000055), Item 1 (incorporation in Delaware in 1956 as successor to the Pennsylvania corporation organized in 1938; businesses founded in 1880). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30099/0000950131-94-000055.txt
[^8]: Dresser Industries, Inc., Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1997, filed January 27, 1998 (accession 0001047469-98-002199), Item 1. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30099/0001047469-98-002199.txt
[^9]: Darwin Payne, *Initiative in Energy: Dresser Industries, Inc., 1880-1978* (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979): the list of presidents (Solomon R. Dresser 1880 to 1911; Fred A. Miller 1911 to 1929; H. Neil Mallon 1929 to 1962; John Lawrence 1962 to 1970; John V. James 1970 to the present of publication); the principals of the Harriman firm, among them E. Roland Harriman, described as sons of the railroad magnate E. H. Harriman; the caption "Ideco was acquired by Dresser in 1944"; Security Engineering Company of Whittier, California, joining Dresser on November 1, 1945; the name change of October 1944; the opening of the Cleveland offices on March 19, 1945. https://archive.org/details/initiativeinener00payn_0
[^10]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": the 1928 share structure, the Class A and Class B shares and Fred Miller's chairmanship; Mallon as president at thirty-three; the Toronto subsidiary of 1931; the Bryant Heater purchase of 1933 for $65,000; the Clark Brothers acquisition of 1937 and merger of 1938. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^11]: Darwin Payne, "Dresser Industries: A Legacy in Energy and Natural Resources," *Handbook of Texas Online*: Mallon "was selected as president and chief executive officer" and served until his retirement in 1962. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/dresser-industries
[^12]: Garry Wills, "Father Knows Best," *The New York Review of Books*, November 5, 1992: Prescott Bush's recollection of buying Dresser Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania in 1929 for four million dollars; his statement "I was Neil Mallon's chief adviser and consultant in connection with every move that he made with that business during that period of twenty years." https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^13]: Darwin Payne, "Dresser Industries: A Legacy in Energy and Natural Resources," *Handbook of Texas Online*: Bush "had been a W. A. Harriman and Company executive who had been involved in the conversion of Dresser to a public company, and he served on the board of directors for twenty-two years." https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/dresser-industries
[^14]: George Mosher Murray and others, *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen, Yale College*, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1917), entries for Edward Roland Noel Harriman (member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones), Knight Woolley, Prescott Sheldon Bush and Henry Neil Mallon. https://archive.org/details/historyofclassof00murr
[^15]: Payne, *Initiative in Energy* (1979), chapter "New Command in a Troubled Era," on the Harriman firm's purchase and the Skull and Bones membership shared by Harriman, Bush, Woolley and Mallon. https://archive.org/details/initiativeinener00payn_0
[^16]: W. Averell Harriman Papers finding aid, Special Files: Business, Georgian Manganese Company, 1921 to 1946 (Boxes 694 to 709: Tchemo agreement and syndicate agreement of June 12, 1925; W. A. Harriman and Co. assignment of July 18, 1925). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt867nf2wp
[^17]: Darwin Payne, "Dresser Industries: A Legacy in Energy and Natural Resources," *Handbook of Texas Online*: the acquisitions between 1930 and the entry of the United States into the war. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/dresser-industries
[^18]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": the wartime production of landing gear, wing flaps, bomb doors and freighter engines; "One of the company's most urgent assignments was at the secret Manhattan Project"; sales for 1944 of just under $55 million. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^19]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": the Magnet Cove Barium Corporation of Houston, November 1949, $2.8 million, later Magcobar; the move to Dallas in 1950 as "the epicenter of the U.S. oil business." https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^20]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": the Liechtenstein subsidiary Dresser Vaduz set up in 1952 to execute and monitor all foreign license agreements and to funnel profits between countries. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^21]: Supreme Court of the United States, October Term 1965, No. 366, *McCullough Tool Co. v. Well Surveys, Inc.*, 383 U.S. 933 (petition for certiorari), statement of facts in the appendix: "In the year 1955 Dresser Industries, Inc., became the owner of all of the stock of Lane-Wells Company and of WSI. On April 30, 1958, Dresser Industries, Inc., liquidated Lane-Wells Company." https://archive.org/details/micro_IA40385602_1172
[^22]: *California Oil World*, vol. 48, no. 14 (July 1955), advertisement of Lane-Wells Co., Los Angeles, "one of the Dresser Industries." https://archive.org/details/sim_pacific-oil-and-gas-world_1955-07_48_14
[^23]: *Dallas* (magazine of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce), vol. 34, no. 7 (July 1955): the passage naming the nine affiliated Dresser Industries companies, including Lane-Wells, Magcobar and Roots-Connersville, with Ideco and the Security Engineering Division in Dallas. https://archive.org/details/sim_dallas_1955-07_34_7
[^24]: Canadian Refractories Limited, annual report for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1968: directors elected in fiscal 1968 including "John V. James, Executive Vice President of Dresser Industries, Inc., Dallas, Texas"; A. B. Wilson "named to the position of Chairman on October 26, 1967, upon the merger of Harbison-Walker Refractories Company into Dresser Industries, Inc." https://archive.org/details/Cana2029_1968
[^25]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": the Lawrence-era acquisitions; Harbison-Walker as a $125 million company that cost Dresser about $150 million. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^26]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": John O'Connor, "the world's most travelled executive," and the $6 million natural gas liquefaction plant outside Moscow, slated for completion in 1949, which "fell victim to a Commerce Department trade ban early in 1948" and was unfinished until 1954. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^27]: Central Intelligence Agency, Lawrence R. Houston, General Counsel, memorandum for the record, "Dresser Industries," January 14, 1959, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R000100160032-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000100160032-3
[^28]: World Affairs Council of Dallas/Fort Worth, "Our History": founding in 1951 by Dresser Industries' chairman and president Henry Neil Mallon, the seventeen founders, and the affiliation with the World Affairs Councils of America. https://support.dfwworld.org/oldsite/who-we-are/our-history
[^29]: Anthony L. Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," *CovertAction Information Bulletin*, no. 41 (Summer 1992), p. 61 and notes 8 to 10: the statements on Mallon's contacts with Allen Dulles and on the CIA cover; the note on the interviews in 1990 and 1991 with two former Operations Directorate field officers; the passage on Bush's IDECO job. CIA reading room copy, document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^30]: Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," *CovertAction Information Bulletin*, no. 41 (Summer 1992), pp. 61 to 62 and notes 13 to 16: Mallon's introduction of George de Mohrenschildt to Bush; the Yugoslav oil official of 1948; the statement of Victor Marchetti; the statement of the retired operative who said he worked for Dresser as a cover. https://archive.org/details/CovertActionInformationBulletinNo41Summer1992
[^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Biographical Information on George H. W. Bush," undated sheet, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401590001-9, listing "Oil field supply salesman, Dresser Industries, Midland, Texas, 1948-51" and Bush-Overbey Oil Development, Inc., formed 1951. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401590001-9
[^32]: George Bush, *All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings* (New York: Scribner, 1999): the biographical note on Neil Mallon; the account of accepting the job and driving to Odessa; the letter of April 12, 1951 to H. N. Mallon, Dresser Industries, Dallas; the passage on naming the third son for Neil Mallon; the chronology entry for Neil Mallon Bush. https://archive.org/details/allbestgeorgebus0000bush
[^33]: George Bush with Victor Gold, *Looking Forward* (New York: Doubleday, 1987): "Neil Mallon was a friend and a mentor second only to my father"; "I became a full-fledged Ideco salesman, selling drilling bits." https://archive.org/details/lookingforward00bush
[^34]: Payne, *Initiative in Energy* (1979), illustration caption "George Bush, center, an oil-field-supply salesman for Ideco," and the index entries for Bush, George (232 to 233) and Bush, Prescott S. (111, 113, 114, 115). https://archive.org/details/initiativeinener0000payn
[^35]: Bob Woodward and Walter Pincus, "Bush Opened Up To Secret Yale Society: Turning Points in a Life Built on Alliances," dated August 7, 1988 in the CIA reading room record, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580058-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580058-8
[^36]: Randall Rothenberg, "In Search of George Bush," dated March 6, 1988, newspaper clipping in the CIA file, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580078-6, quoting Bucky Bush on Neil Mallon's offer of a job in Midland, Texas. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580078-6
[^37]: International Directory of Company Histories, "Dresser Industries, Inc.": the 1970 appointment of John V. James as president and chief executive officer, his army intelligence service in the Second World War, the 1972 Lodge-Cottrell acquisition, the 1974 Jeffrey Galion acquisition, James's chairmanship through 1982, the 1983 succession of John J. Murphy, the 1986 M-I joint venture with Halliburton and the 1987 Dresser-Rand venture with Ingersoll-Rand. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^38]: The Business Council, member rosters and correspondence, October 13 to 15, 1977 and May 13 to 14, 1977 sessions (CIA reading room documents CIA-RDP05S00620R000401140001-1 and CIA-RDP05S00620R000401180002-6): the member lists naming John V. James, Chairman & President, Dresser Industries, Inc., and Malcolm Baldrige; the invitation to Admiral Stansfield Turner; Turner's letter of October 18, 1977. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP05S00620R000401140001-1
[^39]: *Securities and Exchange Commission v. Dresser Industries, Inc.*, 628 F.2d 1368 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc), Wright, C.J.: Part I.B, "The Dresser Investigations" (Form 8-K filings of January 28, 1976, November 11, 1976 and February 10, 1977; the refusal of July 15, 1977; the Department of Justice task force and the files transmitted in August 1977; the grand jury presentation of January 25, 1978; the subpoenas of April 21, 1978; the order of Judge Flannery of June 30, 1978, 453 F. Supp. 573; the intervention of Edward R. Luter). https://static.case.law/f2d/628/cases/1368-01.json
[^40]: *Dresser Industries, Inc. v. Securities and Exchange Commission*, 449 U.S. 993 (1980) (No. 80-354), order denying certiorari. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA40385007_0373
[^41]: Newspaper article on the Justice Department task force on overseas corruption, in the CIA press clippings file of September and October 1978, CIA-RDP05S00620R000501250001-8. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP05S00620R000501250001-8
[^42]: Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation, "Soviet Jewry and Related Events," Washington, August 17, 1978, 3:30 p.m., drafted August 18, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, Soviet Union, document 140, with note 2 (citing "Company Roundup: Soviet Awards Dresser $180 Million Contracts," *The New York Times*, June 2, 1978, p. D5, and Telegram 203480 to Moscow, August 11, 1978, National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy File, D780329-0069). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d140
[^43]: Bernard Gwertzman, "Firm Denies Oil Tools Sale Could Aid Soviet Military," *The Washington Star*, August 30, 1978, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP81M00980R000600060005-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81m00980r000600060005-5
[^44]: Brzezinski to Carter, August 29, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, document 141, editors' note 2: Kreps's August approval of the $140 million drill bit deal; Brzezinski's reading of it in the newspaper; Schlesinger's opposition; Brzezinski's question on continuing with the deal; citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, *Power and Principle*, pp. 322 to 325. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d141
[^45]: Brzezinski to Carter, August 29, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, document 141: the Defense Science Board conclusions; the letter of transmittal by J. Fred Bucy; the recommendation of a suspension on national security and foreign policy grounds. Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Box 89. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d141
[^46]: Brzezinski to Carter, August 29, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, document 141, editors' note 5, recording Carter's marginal notation in the right-hand margin beside the Defense Science Board's first conclusion. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d141
[^47]: Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, "Confusing Signals on Trade with Russia," *The Washington Post*, August 16, 1978, p. A15, as cited in the footnote to Brzezinski's memorandum of August 29, 1978, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. VI, document 141. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v06/d141
[^48]: Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, *The Role of Western Equipment in Soviet Oil and Gas Development*, research paper SOV 84-10153X, September 1984, CIA-RDP85T00313R000300010001-9, on the Dresser drill bit plant at Kuybyshev. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp85t00313r000300010001-9
[^49]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Foreign Availability of Petroleum Equipment," table of rock bits, CIA-RDP84B00049R000601570019-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84b00049r000601570019-8
[^50]: William J. Casey, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary of Commerce, February 1982, CIA-RDP83M00914R001200090040-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r001200090040-0
[^51]: Central Intelligence Agency, "The Transfer of U.S. Tungsten Carbide Technology to the USSR and its Military Application," enclosure to the letter of February 1982, CIA-RDP83M00914R001200090041-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r001200090041-9
[^52]: Central Intelligence Agency, Chief, Technology Transfer Assessment Center, memorandum for the record, "Meeting With Senate Select Committee Staffers on Dresser Drill Bit Case," meeting of February 11, 1982, CIA-RDP83M00914R001200090039-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r001200090039-2
[^53]: "Drill-Bit Deal Seen Helping Soviet Arms," *Los Angeles Times*, May 4, 1982, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100370022-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100370022-6
[^54]: Peter J. Wallison, General Counsel of the Treasury, memorandum to Secretary Regan, "Soviet Gas Pipeline Controls," August 19, 1982, CIA-RDP83M00914R000600030061-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r000600030061-0
[^55]: Legal offices of the Departments of State, Defense, Treasury, Justice and Commerce and the Trade Representative, memorandum to the Senior Interdepartmental Group on International Economic Policy (bearing the name of Peter J. Wallison), "Options For Dealing With Imminent Shipments in Violation of Oil and Gas Export Controls," August 23, 1982, section "E. Dresser/France," CIA-RDP83M00914R000600030058-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r000600030058-4
[^56]: *Dresser Industries, Inc. and Dresser (France) S.A. v. Baldridge*, 549 F. Supp. 108 (D.D.C. 1982) (Green, J.), order of September 9, 1982, reporting the filing on August 23, the restraining-order denial by Judge Thomas A. Flannery on August 24, the temporary denial order of August 26, the appeal of September 2 and the schedule for the hearing. https://static.case.law/f-supp/549/cases/0108-01.json
[^57]: "Dresser (France) S.A.; Order Temporarily Denying Export Privileges," Case No. 632, order of August 26, 1982 by Hearing Commissioner Thomas W. Hoya, 47 Fed. Reg. 38170 (August 30, 1982). https://archive.org/details/sim_federal-register-find_1982-08-30_47_168
[^58]: Malcolm Baldrige, note to William Casey with guideline questions and answers on the President's oil and gas sanctions, 1982, answers on Dresser (France) S.A. and the table of compressor orders, CIA-RDP84B00049R000501350004-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84b00049r000501350004-9
[^59]: "Dresser (France) S.A.; Order Modifying Temporary Denial of Export Privileges," Case No. 632, order of September 7, 1982, 47 Fed. Reg. 39708 (September 9, 1982). https://archive.org/details/sim_federal-register-find_1982-09-09_47_175
[^60]: *Dresser Industries, Inc. and Dresser (France) S.A. v. Baldridge*, 549 F. Supp. 108 (D.D.C. 1982) (Green, J.), reporter citation and caption, with the date of the order of September 9, 1982. https://static.case.law/f-supp/549/cases/0108-01.json
[^61]: Lionel H. Olmer, Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, memorandum "U.S. Sanctions on Creusot-Loire and Mannesmann Anlagenbau," October 6, 1982, with the attached summary of the temporary denial orders, CIA-RDP84T00109R000100100002-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84t00109r000100100002-8
[^62]: "Dresser (France) S.A.; Order Vacating Temporary Denial of Export Privileges," Case No. 632, order of November 16, 1982 by Hearing Commissioner Thomas W. Hoya, 47 Fed. Reg. (November 22, 1982), FR Doc. 82-31900. https://archive.org/details/sim_federal-register-find_1982-11-22_47_225
[^63]: Dresser Industries, Inc., Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1993 (accession 0000950131-94-000055), Note L, "Asbestosis Litigation." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30099/0000950131-94-000055.txt
[^64]: Dresser Industries, Inc., Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1995, filed January 29, 1996 (accession 0000912057-96-000951), notes on asbestosis litigation (refractory claims after July 31, 1992 are the responsibility of Harbison-Walker Refractories Company, formerly INDRESCO Inc.). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30099/000091205796000951/0000912057-96-000951.txt
[^65]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K for fiscal 1998, filed March 23, 1999 (accession 0000045012-99-000005): the note on the Halliburton/Dresser merger (completed September 29, 1998; pooling of interests) and the note on asbestosis litigation (about 183,000 claims over twenty years, 29,400 new claims in 1998, Global Industrial Technologies, formerly INDRESCO, Inc., disputing its assumption of Harbison-Walker Refractories Division claims). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000045012-99-000005.txt
[^66]: Dresser Industries, Inc., Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1993, Item 1: fiscal 1993 revenues of $4,216 million and the three segments; the Bredero Price (February 1, 1993) and TK Valve (April 1, 1993) acquisitions; the Baroid merger effective January 21, 1994, with 37,286,662 shares to the Baroid shareholders; the Antitrust Division divestiture requirements covering the 64 percent interest in M-I Drilling Fluids Company and the DB Stratabit diamond drill bit business; the consent of the minority partner, Halliburton Company, to the M-I sale. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30099/0000950131-94-000055.txt
[^67]: Darwin Payne, "Dresser Industries: A Legacy in Energy and Natural Resources," *Handbook of Texas Online*, section on the Baroid merger and the company's position after it. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/dresser-industries
[^68]: Halliburton Company, Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed May 18, 1998 (accession 0000930661-98-001212), "Background of the Merger": the 1994 discussions; the August 25, 1997 meeting concerning NUMAR; the October 2, 1997 meeting in Dallas; the proposed 0.95 exchange ratio and management roles; the exchange ratio of one share of Halliburton common stock for each Dresser share. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000930661-98-001212.txt
[^69]: Halliburton Company, Form S-4, filed May 18, 1998, "Background of the Merger," paragraph on the meeting of January 17, 1998 during a customer's quail hunt in South Texas. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000930661-98-001212.txt
[^70]: Halliburton Company, Form S-4, filed May 18, 1998, "Background of the Merger," paragraph on the meeting of January 27, 1998 in Dallas: Bradford's statement that Dresser "was not for sale" and his expectation of an improved exchange ratio. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000930661-98-001212.txt
[^71]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1998 (accession 0000045012-98-000034), Note 10, "Halliburton / Dresser Merger" (definitive agreement executed February 25, 1998; one-for-one exchange ratio; approximately 175 million shares of common stock to be issued). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/0000045012-98-000034.txt
[^72]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002, filed March 28, 2003 (accession 0000045012-03-000018): the renaming of Dresser Industries, Inc. as DII Industries, LLC in the second quarter of 2002; the temporary restraining order of February 14, 2002; the proposed global settlement of up to $2.775 billion. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/000004501203000018/0000045012-03-000018-index.htm
[^73]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (accession 0000045012-03-000018), discussion of the sale of the Dresser Equipment Group in April 2001, renamed Dresser, Inc., and the retained 5.1 percent equity interest. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/000004501203000018/0000045012-03-000018-index.htm
[^74]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (accession 0000045012-03-000018), description of the disclosure statement to be mailed to the more than 347,000 current claimants. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/000004501203000018/0000045012-03-000018-index.htm
[^75]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K for fiscal 2003, filed March 8, 2004 (accession 0000045012-04-000086): the Chapter 11 proceedings of DII Industries, LLC, Kellogg, Brown & Root and some of their subsidiaries, "Chapter 11 proceedings on December 16, 2003 in bankruptcy court in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/000004501204000086/ed10k2003.txt
[^76]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K for fiscal 2004, filed March 1, 2005 (accession 0000045012-05-000055): the order confirming the plan of reorganization, final and nonappealable on December 31, 2004; the plan effective in January 2005; the January 2005 contributions of approximately $2.345 billion in cash, 59.5 million shares and notes to the trusts. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/000004501205000055/ed10k2004_final.htm
[^77]: Halliburton Company, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (accession 0000045012-03-000018), discussion of the resolution of asbestos claims in the tort system or the Harbison-Walker bankruptcy proceedings if the settlement failed. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/000004501203000018/0000045012-03-000018-index.htm
[^78]: Halliburton Company, Form 8-K dated December 3, 2004 (accession 0000045012-04-000343), "Hal Says Court Order Makes Final Asbestos Settlement Imminent," statement on the Third Circuit decision in the Combustion Engineering bankruptcy and its bearing on the DII and Kellogg, Brown & Root bankruptcy. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/45012/000004501204000343/0000045012-04-000343-index.htm


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