--- aliases: - Institute of World Affairs - Institute of World Affairs (New School) - New School Institute of World Affairs - Institute of World Affairs records - IWA category: Private Organization created: 2026-10-09 location: New York, New York relations: - end: 1953 fn: 1 role: independent unit of the New School, redesignated Research Division in 1953 start: 1943 type: member_of with: '[[New School for Social Research]]' - end: 1953 fn: 1 reverse: true role: director of research start: 1942 type: director_of with: '[[Adolph Lowe]]' - end: 1951 fn: 1 reverse: true role: acting director start: 1950 type: director_of with: '[[Hans Neisser]]' - fn: 1 reverse: true role: director, per the historical note start: 1951 type: director_of with: '[[Hans Simons]]' - end: 1951 fn: 13 reverse: true role: chairman of the Council of Research start: 1944 type: head_of with: '[[Hans Staudinger]]' - end: 1953 fn: 12 reverse: true role: chairman of the Council for Research 1943 to 1953 and director or chairman of the Institute 1951 to 1953, per the Staudinger papers chronology start: 1943 type: head_of with: '[[Hans Staudinger]]' - end: 1951 fn: 5 reverse: true role: donor listed in the historical note; Doris Duke's first foundation, incorporated 1934 and renamed the Doris Duke Foundation in October 1951 start: 1943 type: funded with: '[[Independent Aid]]' - end: 1951 fn: 8 reverse: true role: funding stated by Daniel Bessner, 2013 start: 1943 type: funded with: '[[Doris Duke]]' - end: 1951 fn: 17 reverse: true role: donor listed in the historical note; funded Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction and Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia start: 1943 type: funded with: '[[Rockefeller Foundation]]' - end: 1951 fn: 26 reverse: true role: donor listed in the historical note start: 1943 type: funded with: '[[Viking Fund]]' - end: 1951 fn: 29 role: studies commissioned by the State Department start: 1946 type: contractor_to with: '[[U.S. Department of State]]' - end: 1953 fn: 31 role: contracted study of European wireless files start: 1953 type: contractor_to with: '[[United States Information Agency]]' - end: 1944 fn: 20 reverse: true role: co-organizer of the Totalitarian Communication Project, a predecessor division start: 1940 type: participant_in with: '[[Hans Speier]]' - end: 1944 fn: 20 reverse: true role: co-organizer of the Totalitarian Communication Project, a predecessor division start: 1940 type: participant_in with: '[[Ernst Kris]]' - end: 1942 fn: 1 reverse: true role: initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision type: participant_in with: '[[Max Ascoli]]' - fn: 1 reverse: true role: member of the Study Group on Germany, a predecessor division type: participant_in with: '[[Eduard Heimann]]' - fn: 4 reverse: true role: gave an address at the inaugural meeting start: 1943-11 type: participant_in with: '[[Alvin Johnson]]' - fn: 16 reverse: true role: author of a research file, Labor Economics in Totalitarian Russia type: participant_in with: '[[Jacob Marschak]]' - fn: 1 reverse: true role: member of the Study Group on Germany, a predecessor division type: participant_in with: '[[Leo Strauss]]' - fn: 1 reverse: true role: member of the Study Group on Germany; researcher associated with the University in Exile type: participant_in with: '[[Kurt Riezler]]' - fn: 1 reverse: true role: research consultant to the New School during the Institute's final years type: participant_in with: '[[Lewis Lorwin]]' summary: A research unit of the New School for Social Research from 1943 to 1953 that produced government-commissioned postwar studies, funded in part through Doris Duke's Independent Aid. tags: - Organization - InstituteOfWorldAffairs - NewSchool - UniversityInExile - DorisDuke - IndependentAid - RockefellerFoundation - PolicyResearch - PsychologicalWarfare - PostwarReconstruction - ColdWar updated: 2026-10-09 --- The Institute of World Affairs was a research unit of the [New School for Social Research](/organizations/new-school-for-social-research/) in New York, founded in 1943 and redesignated the Research Division in 1953.[^1] During the Second World War it served as an unofficial office of information for various federal war offices, and after the war it continued to produce studies commissioned by the [U.S. Department of State](/organizations/state-department/).[^1] ### Founding and financing The Institute was modeled on the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, an international research organization studying the world economy, of which Adolph Lowe and Hans Neisser had been former members.[^1] Its mission statement set the goal "to perform research on international problems and to serve as a clearing house for information on foreign regions and international relations."[^1] At its founding the Institute became an independent unit of the New School and took over the collective research projects of the [Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science](/organizations/new-school-for-social-research/). It developed from two divisions within the Graduate Faculty: a Study Group on Germany, whose members included Eduard Heimann, Erich Hula, Karl Mayer, Albert Salomon, [Kurt Riezler](/people/kurt-riezler/), [Leo Strauss](/people/leo-strauss/), Horace Kallen and Felix Kaufmann, and the [Research Project on Totalitarian Communication](/programs/research-project-on-totalitarian-communication/) organized by [Hans Speier](/people/hans-speier/) and [Ernst Kris](/people/ernst-kris/).[^1] [Max Ascoli](/people/max-ascoli/), an Italian legal philosopher, was involved in the initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision until Lowe became director of research in 1942.[^1] The founding year is given as 1942 in one description and as 1943 in others.[^2] A folder titled "History of the Institute of World Affairs, 1943" carries the later date.[^1][^3] The inaugural meeting took place on November 17, 1943, when [Alvin Johnson](/people/alvin-johnson/) and Lowe gave addresses that were printed as a pamphlet, Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs (1944).[^4] Prior funding for 1943 to 1951 is reported at $630,000, coming from Independent Aid, the [Rockefeller Foundation](/organizations/rockefeller-foundation/), the Viking Fund, the Hebrew Technical Institute, the Rosenwald Foundation and individual donors.[^1] ### Doris Duke and Independent Aid The historical note lists Independent Aid first among the Institute's donors for 1943 to 1951.[^1] Independent Aid, Inc. was the first charitable foundation established by Doris Duke, daughter of James B. Duke. It was incorporated in Delaware in October 1934, shortly after Duke turned 21, and its officers voted in October 1951 to change its name to the Doris Duke Foundation.[^5][^6] The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation gives the age at which Duke formed her first charitable foundation as 23.[^7] The Duke University guide to the Independent Aid records states that Duke "had limited direct involvement" with Independent Aid and that its disbursements reflected her interests in the welfare of women and children, social work and mental health, and early family planning; recipients it names include the Center for Self-Supporting Women and Students of New York City, the Mental Hygiene Association and the Child Adoption and Placement Bureau.[^5] Day-to-day operations were administered by Marian Paschal, secretary until her death in 1946, and by her successor Georgea T. Furst; the Doris Duke Foundation guide records that board member Clarence E. Pickett served as executive secretary during the same period and that Furst had been his assistant from 1943 to 1946.[^5][^6] The Doris Duke Foundation records, which continue the Independent Aid files, hold two folders titled for the New School: "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959," described as containing correspondence with Independent Aid and, in the second, clippings.[^6] The folder titles name the New School and do not name the Institute. Daniel Bessner, in his 2013 Duke University dissertation on Speier, describes the Institute as "a research center funded by Doris Duke."[^8] The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation dates "Service for the U.S. Government during WWII, 1944-1945" in a photograph caption that names no agency.[^7] ### Directors and staff Adolph Lowe, born in Stuttgart on March 4, 1893, had been director of research and educational studies at the Institute of World Economics at Kiel from 1926 to 1930 and founded the Institute for Business Cycle Research there in 1925. He was dismissed from his post in 1933, was a Rockefeller Foundation fellow from 1933 to 1938 while a lecturer at the University of Manchester, became a British subject in September 1939, and moved to the New School afterward.[^9] The historical note has him become director of research in 1942.[^1] He directed the Institute in October 1943, when Salomon asked Speier to join its council.[^10] A resignation letter from Lowe dated 1951 is filed in the correspondence series; the historical note gives 1953 for his departure from the Institute, and the Albany finding aid to his papers records that he remained a professor at the New School until 1978, "leaving only to take a one-year appointment at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (1953)."[^1][^9][^11] He edited the posthumous works of Karl Mannheim.[^2] He returned to Germany after 1982 and died in Wolfenbüttel on June 4, 1995.[^9] Hans Staudinger, born in Worms in 1889, was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany in the Reichstag from 1927 to 1933 and Prussian state secretary in the Ministry of Commerce in 1929, was removed from office in 1932, was held in police custody in Hamburg from June 16 to July 22, 1933, and emigrated to Belgium, where he was a consultant to SOFINA in Brussels. He became professor of economics at the [University in Exile](/organizations/new-school-for-social-research/) in the fall of 1934 and a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 26, 1940.[^12] The Council of Research that he chaired oversaw the Institute's research operations and is dated 1944 to 1951 in the New School's folder and historical note.[^1][^13] His papers chronology gives 1943 to 1953 for his chairmanship of the Council for Research of the Institute of World Affairs, "Director from 1951-1953," and 1951 to 1953 as chairman of the Institute. The same chronology records his service as dean of the Graduate Faculty in 1941 to 1943, 1950 to 1951 and 1955 to 1960, and an entry of September 29, 1944: "received notification of termination of appointment as 'Expert' from the U. S. War Department" (United States Department of War).[^12] The historical note states that in 1951 the Institute "fell under the direction of Hans Staudinger" and that he "had a hand in the administration of at least forty-five distinct projects, bringing in $500,000 in funds."[^1] He edited the Journal of Social Research from 1959 to 1964, became professor emeritus in 1960 and died in Manhattan on February 25, 1980.[^12] Neisser served as acting director from 1950, and [Hans Simons](/people/hans-simons/) took over the post in 1951.[^1] The Albany finding aid to the Simons papers describes him as a German-born political scholar who came to the United States in 1935 after being blacklisted by the Nazis, joined the University in Exile faculty, became an American citizen in 1940, and "was appointed president of The New School in 1945."[^14] Bessner, writing of October 1946, calls Bryn J. Hovde "the New School's president."[^15] Researchers associated with the University in Exile included Arnold Brecht, Alfred Kähler, Ernest Hamburger, Erich Hula, Kurt Riezler and Frieda Wunderlich.[^1] The Ibero-American Center was an independent division of the Institute headed by Frederick Haussmann.[^1] Lewis Lorwin, a sociologist and economist, was engaged as a research consultant to the New School during the Institute's final years.[^1] Eduard Heimann was a member of the Study Group on Germany.[^1] A research file titled "Labor Economics in Totalitarian Russia" by Jacob Marschak, dated to the 1940s and 1950s, is held in the Institute's research project records.[^16] ### Speier conflict, 1943 to 1944 In October 1943 Salomon asked Speier to join the Institute's council. Speier told Salomon and Lowe, who directed the Institute, that he "would like to be helpful, if I am wanted," and asked about "the functions of the Council." Despite "repeated inquiries," Speier never heard back from either man about his duties.[^10] From Washington, where he worked for the [Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service](/organizations/foreign-broadcast-intelligence-service/), Speier wrote to Lowe in February 1944 that his experiences with the Institute had been "a series of baffling disappointments." Lowe replied that Speier's anger "came to me as a complete shock," and said he had wanted to include Speier on the council because he was "the main representative of collective research in our sociology department."[^10] On February 25, 1944 Speier wrote to Lowe: "I withdraw my declaration to serve on [the Institute's council] 'in principle' pending further information. ... In the meantime I must ask you not to consider me a member of the Council." He added that if there were "fights" in the faculty "for prestige or influence I don't want to have any part in them as a pawn."[^10] Bessner states that Speier came to believe he was being "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics," citing letters to Staudinger of March 3, 1944 and to Salomon of March 5, 1944.[^10] In the letter to Salomon he called the council's members the Geheimräte (secret councilors).[^10] In a letter to Riezler of February 3, 1944 he wrote that the New School's "atmosphere of freedom has been replaced by strangely autocratic ways."[^10] ### Research programs The early research papers included "International Trade in Raw Materials at Various Levels of Employment," "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction" by Brecht, Lowe, Hans Simons and Staudinger, "Technological Trends and the Flexibility of Labor" by Kähler, "Changes in the Democratic Process" led by Paul van Zeeland, and "Comparative Administration" by Brecht.[^1] The reconstruction study was "funded by the Rockefeller Foundation in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^17] The Former Jewish Communal Property in Germany survey was compiled and analyzed by the American Federation of Jews from Central Europe.[^18] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941 and financed by the Rockefeller Foundation, "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^19] The Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, led by Speier and Kris for the Graduate Faculty's research center, ran from 1940 to 1944 and was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.[^20] Bessner dates the end of the project to January 1943.[^21] The Propaganda Research Center, 1947 to 1953, had as principal researchers Karl Ettinger and Saul K. Padover, and much of its research was performed with assistance from the [Office of Naval Research](/organizations/office-of-naval-research/).[^22] Its project files for 1951 to 1953 are titled Brazilian Use of INP Press Releases (1952-1953), Communist Deviations (1952), Evaluation of Filmslide Use in a Field Operation (1952), Foreign Propaganda in the United States (1951-1953), Foreign Repercussions of Domestic Race Relations (1951), Graphology in Political Intelligence (1952), Human Carriers of Communist Propaganda (1951-1952), Legal Problems Resulting from Warfare Disasters (1952), Patterns of Panic (1951-1952) and Testing State Department Movies (1952-1953).[^23] The administrative series holds materials for an April 18 and 19, 1952 conference titled Conference on International Implications of Race Relations in the United States.[^24] The Leisure-Time project ran from 1948 until 1953 and attempted to analyze the role of leisure time activity in the daily lives of workers in industrial society. Faculty and researchers involved included Marie Macario Bestul, Phyllis Poses, Gerda Golder, Elizabeth Todd, Staudinger, Paul Heurath, Siegfried Kracauer, Hilda Weiss, Alexander Ringer and Laura Himovitch.[^1] Ringer's thesis, Musical Attitudes of Metropolitan College Students, drew on questionnaires issued to students of the City College of New York.[^1] The Image of America project, begun in 1945 and filed for 1947 to 1957, aimed to assess the conception of the American in a global context. It included a paper by Kracauer, "Analysis of Images," and Lorwin described it as "a total loss."[^25] The Viking Fund corresponded with Staudinger about the project and about the Leisure-Time study.[^26] The Ibero-American Center roundtable of 1944 to 1948 drew correspondence among Fernando de los Rios, Adolfo Dorfman, Bryn J. Hovde, Alvin Johnson, Lowe, Staudinger and Sumner Welles.[^27] A study of religion in postwar Germany, initiated and led by Carl Mayer, ran from 1954 to 1957 with Helmut R. Wagner, Thomas Luckmann and Salvator Attanasio on the project staff.[^28] ### Government contracts and grants During and after the war, the Institute and its researchers "worked closely with U.S. intelligence and war offices during World War II, a relationship that continued after the war had ended."[^29] Correspondence and conference minutes for 1946 to 1951 document the relationship with the State Department.[^29] The administrative series also holds a file on the 1950 Point Four Roundtable Conference on United States foreign policy.[^30] In 1953 the Institute took on a study of the readability of European wireless files prepared for overseas distribution by the International Press Service, a study contracted and funded by the newly created [United States Information Agency](/organizations/united-states-information-agency/).[^31] General correspondence for 1942 to 1946 includes the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs alongside the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, the [United Nations](/organizations/united-nations/) and the [Carnegie Endowment for International Peace](/organizations/carnegie-endowment-for-international-peace/).[^32] The Rockefeller Foundation granted Speier and Kris $15,960 in March 1941 and an additional $19,000 in 1942 for the Totalitarian Communication project.[^21] The correspondence file for Joseph H. Willits of the Rockefeller Foundation concerns a Foundation grant for the project of Neisser titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^33] A 1942 study of German academic institutions by Kris drew correspondence about the inability to secure funding for the research from the Carnegie Corporation.[^34] The Viking Fund, 1940 to 1950, and its successor the Wenner-Gren Foundation, 1946 to 1955, both appear in the correspondence series.[^26] The [Ford Foundation](/organizations/ford-foundation/) (1950 to 1955), the Fels Fund (1948) and the Twentieth Century Fund (1947) have folders of their own.[^35] A folder titled for [Nelson Rockefeller](/people/nelson-rockefeller/) for 1948 to 1949 concerns the rejection of a transportation study by Staudinger and Wohl.[^36] ### Publications Books published primarily by Cornell University Press include Gregory Bienstock, Solomon M. Schwarz and Aaron Yugow, Management in Russian Industry and Agriculture (1944); Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (1944); Ernst Fraenkel, Military Occupation and the Rule of Law (1944); Arnold Brecht, Federalism and Regionalism in Germany: The Division of Prussia (1945); Joseph B. Schechtman, European Population Transfers, 1939-1945 (1946); Henry W. Ehrmann, French Labor from Popular Front to Liberation (1947); Alfred Kähler and Ernest Hamburger, Education for an Industrial Age (1948); Wilbert E. Moore, Industrialization and Labor (1951); Hans Neisser and Franco Modigliani, National Incomes and International Trade (1953); and Julius Hirsch, New Horizons in Business (1955).[^2] Lowe edited the posthumous works of Karl Mannheim.[^2] The occasional papers were distributed directly by the Research Division. They include Alvin Johnson and Ernest Hamburger, "The Economic Problem of Germany" (1946); Hans Neisser, "The Significance of Foreign Trade for Domestic Employment" (1946); Franco Modigliani, "Fluctuations in the Savings Ratio: A Problem in Economic Forecasting" (1947); Wilbert E. Moore, "Primitives and Peasants in Industry" (1948); Arnold Brecht, "The New German Constitution" (1949); Henry G. Aubrey, "Deliberate Industrialization" (1949); Helmut R. Wagner, "A New Generation of German Labor" (1956).[^2] ### End of the Institute By 1953 the Institute "had been brought into closer relationship with the New School for Social Research, and redesignated as the Research Division." It last appeared in the 1954 to 1955 Graduate Faculty Bulletin. The records came to the New School Archives from the Raymond Fogelman Library in 2012.[^1][^2] Lorwin, engaged as a consultant during this period, wrote a 1953 report on the New School's research and related activities that described the Institute as having been "started with too large expectations." The research agenda's ambition and its collaborative method "led to numerous incomplete and under-performing research projects that resulted in few publications or other deliverables."[^1] [^1]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note, scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235 [^2]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, abstract, dates, IWA Bibliography and immediate source of acquisition. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235 [^3]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "History of the Institute of World Affairs, 1943," Box 1, Folder 7. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27141 [^4]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs, 1944," Box 16, Folder 17, a pamphlet of transcripts of addresses by Alvin Johnson and Adolph Lowe at the inaugural meeting of November 17, 1943. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27156 [^5]: Duke University Libraries, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, abstract and biographical/historical note. https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid [^6]: Duke University Libraries, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, abstract, scope and content, related material, and subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959" (Boxes 50-51). https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound [^7]: Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, "Our Founder" (the age of 23; the photograph caption "Service for the U.S. Government during WWII, 1944-1945"). https://dorisduke.org/who-we-are/our-founder [^8]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 (the Institute "a research center funded by Doris Duke"; the sentence carries no footnote citing a source for the funding, and note 2 on the page concerns other international relations centers). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^9]: M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, "Adolph Lowe Papers, 1915-1996," abstract, biographical/historical note. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ger022 [^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-166 and notes 3-17 (Speier to Lowe, February 13, 1944; Lowe to Speier, February 23, 1944; Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier to Riezler, February 3, 1944; Speier to Staudinger, March 3, 1944; Speier to Salomon, March 5, 1944). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Lowe, Adolph, resignation letter, 1951," Box 2, Folder 2. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27144 [^12]: M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, "Hans Staudinger Papers, 1928-1980," chronology and biographical/historical note. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ger087 [^13]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Council of Research, 1944-1951," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27247 [^14]: M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, "Hans Simons Papers, 1906-1968," abstract and biographical/historical note. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ger082 [^15]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 151 (William Stone to Bryn Hovde, October 17, 1946). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Marschak, Jacob. 'Labor Economics in Totalitarian Russia', 1940s-1950s," Box 12, Folder 11. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27273 [^17]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256 [^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Former Jewish Communal Property in Germany: a Questionnaire Survey', late 1940s-early 1950s," Box 5, Folder 31. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27255 [^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285 [^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, 1940-1944," Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451 [^21]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 130-131 (the Rockefeller Foundation grants of March 1941, $15,960, and 1942, $19,000; Speier and Kris, German Radio Propaganda, Oxford University Press, 1944). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^22]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Propaganda Research Center, 1947-1953," Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27434 [^23]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Projects, 1951-1953," Propaganda Research Center, Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3, with folders at https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27440 and the following records 27441 to 27450. [^24]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Conference on International Implications of Race Relations in the United States, 1952 Apr 18-19," Box 1, Folder 2. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27136 [^25]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Image of America, 1947-1957," Box 7, Folders 8-9. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27261 [^26]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Viking Fund, 1940-1950," Box 3, Folder 24, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27216; and "Wenner-Gren Foundation (formerly Viking Fund), 1946-1955," Box 3, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27217 [^27]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Ibero-American Center Roundtable on Latin America, 1944-1948," Box 3, Folders 17-18. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27209 [^28]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Religion in Germany Today, 1954-1957," Box 12, Folder 38. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27282 [^29]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Department of State, 1946-1951," Series 1 scope note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27137 [^30]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Point Four Roundtable Conference on United States Foreign Policy, 1950," Box 1, Folder 4. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27139 [^31]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Readability of the European Wireless Files Prepared for Overseas Distribution, 19 May-19 July 1953, by the International Press Service, USIA, 1953-1955," Box 12, Folder 37. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27281 [^32]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "General, 1942-1946," Box 3, Folders 9-10. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27202 [^33]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198 [^34]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Kris, Ernst. 'The German Academic Institutions Under National Socialism', 1942," Box 11, Folder 19. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27469 [^35]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Fels Fund, 1948," Box 3, Folder 15, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27207; "Ford Foundation, 1950-1955," Box 3, Folder 16, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27208; and "Twentieth Century Fund, 1947," Box 3, Folder 23, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27214 [^36]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Rockefeller, Nelson A., 1948-1949," Box 3, Folder 4. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27191 --- *The Info Web has an MCP server for agents at https://theinfoweb.org/mcp (streamable HTTP, no auth): search by meaning, exact text, source or date, and follow typed, footnoted connections. Setup and the same tools over GET: https://theinfoweb.org/llms.txt*