---
aliases:
- Lockheed Martin Corporation
category: Private Organization
created: 2026-10-15
location: Bethesda, Maryland
relations:
- end: 1996-01-28
  fn: 1
  role: combined with Martin Marietta on March 15, 1995 and merged into Lockheed Martin
    on January 28, 1996
  start: 1995-03-15
  type: owned
  with: '[[Lockheed Aircraft Company]]'
- end: 1996-01-28
  fn: 1
  role: combined with Lockheed on March 15, 1995 and merged into Lockheed Martin on
    January 28, 1996
  start: 1995-03-15
  type: owned
  with: '[[Martin Marietta Corporation]]'
- fn: 2
  role: Advanced Development Programs unit, which the annual report filed in March
    1996 describes as performing a substantial amount of classified work
  start: 1995-03-15
  type: owned
  with: '[[Lockheed Skunk Works]]'
- fn: 8
  role: U-2 aircraft built by the predecessor Lockheed Aircraft Company under the
    agency's program run by Richard Bissell, and A-12 aircraft under the OXCART contract
  start: 1955
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[Central Intelligence Agency]]'
- end: 2017
  fn: 39
  role: operated Sandia National Laboratories through Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed
    Martin company
  start: 1993
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[United States Department of Energy]]'
- fn: 17
  role: integrated subcontractor to Bechtel National for support services at the Nevada
    Test Site, through Lockheed Martin Nevada Technologies
  start: 1996
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[United States Department of Energy]]'
- end: 2010-03
  fn: 62
  role: lead contractor on the Sentinel case-management system, which received an
    FBI stop-work order in March 2010
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'
- end: 2010-09
  fn: 63
  reverse: true
  role: senior vice president and general counsel
  start: 2005-09
  type: employed_by
  with: '[[James Comey]]'
- fn: 35
  reverse: true
  role: retired Air Force lieutenant colonel at the Burbank Skunk Works, according
    to John B. Alexander
  start: 1984
  type: employed_by
  with: '[[Ron Blackburn]]'
- end: 2022-02-13
  fn: 70
  reverse: true
  role: sued to block the proposed acquisition of Aerojet Rocketdyne
  start: 2022-01-25
  type: investigated
  with: '[[Federal Trade Commission]]'
- fn: 72
  role: built the Arabsat 6A and Hellas-Sat-4/SaudiGeoSat-1 communications satellites
    under a 2015 contract
  start: 2015-04-28
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[Arabsat]]'
start: 1995
summary: Defense contractor formed by the 1995 combination of Lockheed and Martin
  Marietta, whose Skunk Works built the U-2 and flew from Groom Lake, and whose name
  recurs in attributed claims about recovered craft.
tags:
- Organization
- Private
- Aerospace
- Defense
- SkunkWorks
- UFO
- Intelligence
- Bribery
- Japan
- Sandia
- Area51
updated: 2026-10-15
---

Lockheed Martin Corporation is a defense and aerospace contractor headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland. It was incorporated on August 29, 1994 to combine the businesses of [Lockheed](/organizations/lockheed-aircraft-company/) and Martin Marietta, and the combination was completed on March 15, 1995.[^1] Its aeronautics sector includes the [Lockheed Skunk Works](/organizations/lockheed-skunk-works/), which the annual report filed in March 1996 describes as performing "a substantial amount of classified work." The unit's aircraft include the [U-2 Spy Plane](/concepts/u-2-spy-plane/), which was built for the [Central Intelligence Agency](/organizations/central-intelligence-agency/), and the F-117 stealth fighter, which the sector supports.[^2]

### Formation and mergers, 1994 to 1996

The filing for fiscal 1995 describes a reorganization agreement between Lockheed and Martin Marietta, dated August 29, 1994 and amended on February 7, 1995. Under it both companies became wholly owned subsidiaries of the new parent on March 15, 1995.[^1] On January 28, 1996 Lockheed, its Lockheed Missiles and Space Company and Lockheed Sanders subsidiaries, Martin Marietta, and Martin Marietta Technologies were merged into the parent. The filing states that the business of Lockheed Martin "consists of the businesses previously conducted by Lockheed and Martin Marietta and their respective subsidiaries."[^1]

The company's acquisition of Loral Corporation was agreed on January 7, 1996 and completed in April 1996, and the annual report for 1996 lists the April 1996 combination among the items affecting its figures.[^3] [Bernard L. Schwartz](/people/bernard-l-schwartz/), who had taken over Loral in 1972, sold the bulk of it to Lockheed Martin in 1996.[^4]

The legal proceedings item of the same filing lists a series of government inquiries into the company's operations. They include a federal grand jury subpoena served on May 9, 1995 in Boise, Idaho, in an investigation that appeared to concern the handling of hazardous waste at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory; Department of Defense Inspector General subpoenas concerning the LANTIRN program, a sonar array and the company's Advanced Concept Center; and a class action filed on June 7, 1990 in the Eastern District of Ohio against Martin Marietta Energy Systems, in which the plaintiffs sought $600 million over discharges of hazardous substances.[^5] The filing also describes a criminal investigation by the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command into "whether the Corporation improperly disposed of wastes from The Skunk Works at a government site in Nevada," and states that it did not appear the company was the target.[^6]

### The Skunk Works, the U-2 and Groom Lake

The Skunk Works is the nickname of the Advanced Development Projects unit that Kelly Johnson led as chief engineer from June 1943. [Ben Rich](/people/ben-rich/) headed it from January 1975 until his retirement on December 31, 1990.[^7] The CIA's history of its overhead reconnaissance programs records that Johnson placed the U-2 in Lockheed's Advanced Development facility at Burbank, California, "known as the Skunk Works," an area Lockheed had established in 1945 to develop the P-80 Shooting Star, and that the small unit then began making the detailed drawings for the aircraft. The company's own annual report calls the unit "a national asset since its inception during World War II."[^8][^9]

[Richard Bissell](/people/richard-bissell/) ran the U-2 program for the agency after [Allen Dulles](/people/allen-dulles/) gave him charge of it on November 26, 1954. The CIA's general counsel, [Lawrence Houston](/people/lawrence-houston/), told Lockheed that the agency could budget only $22.5 million for the airframes, and the two sides agreed on a fixed-price contract. In the spring of 1958 Lockheed and the government settled the price for the original twenty aircraft at $17,025,542 plus a profit of $1,952,055, a total of $18,977,597, less than $1 million for each aircraft.[^8] On April 12, 1955 Bissell and Colonel Osmund Ritland of the Air Force flew over Nevada with Johnson in a Beechcraft piloted by Lockheed's chief test pilot Tony LeVier, saw an airstrip beside a salt flat known as [Groom Lake](/places/area-51/), near the northeast corner of the [Atomic Energy Commission](/organizations/atomic-energy-commission/)'s Nevada Proving Ground, and landed on the lakebed. Johnson called the site the Paradise Ranch, shortened to the Ranch. The CIA history gives the map designation as [Area 51](/places/area-51/).[^10]

The first U-2 was flown to Groom Lake on July 25, 1955. To move Lockheed employees from Burbank to Area 51 without attracting attention, the project staff began a weekly military air transport flight on October 3, 1955. A transport bound for Area 51 crashed on November 17, 1955 and killed all fourteen people aboard, among them the project security officer and personnel from Lockheed and Hycon, which the CIA history calls the greatest single loss of life in the U-2 program.[^11] The same history states that high-altitude U-2 flights above 60,000 feet produced a sharp increase in reports of unidentified flying objects from airline pilots, that [Project Blue Book](/programs/project-blue-book/) investigators regularly asked the agency's project staff to check reported sightings against U-2 flight logs, and that "U-2 and later OXCART flights accounted for more than one-half of all UFO reports during the late 1950s and most of the 1960s."[^12]

The successor aircraft, the A-12 of the OXCART program, was built by the same unit. On September 10, 1959 [EG&G](/organizations/egg/) agreed to move its radar test facility to the former U-2 testing site at Area 51, and Johnson trucked a full-scale mockup of the aircraft from Burbank to Nevada for radar cross section tests. An amendment to the OXCART contract reduced the order from twelve to ten A-12 aircraft at a total cost of $161 million. The first A-12 flew officially on April 30, 1962, piloted by Louis Schalk, after an unannounced flight on April 25.[^13]

The agency's files on the program also include a 1963 cable from Johnson concerning the approval of [Francis Gary Powers](/people/francis-gary-powers/) to fly U-2 aircraft after Powers, released by the Soviet Union in 1962, began working for Lockheed as a U-2 pilot.[^14]

### The Groom Lake waste litigation

Two suits filed in 1994 in the District of Nevada concerned hazardous waste at the Air Force's operating location near Groom Lake. In Frost v. Perry, the widow of a former worker and others proceeding as Does, who had worked at the location, brought a citizen suit under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act against the Air Force; in Kasza v. Browner, a plaintiff and Does sued the Environmental Protection Agency. Jonathan Turley and Joan Manley of George Washington University represented the plaintiffs, and KLAS, Inc., the owner of [KLAS-TV](/organizations/klas-tv/), appeared as amicus.[^15] The Secretary of the Air Force, Sheila Widnall, invoked the military and state secrets privilege over "security sensitive environmental data" and other categories of information, and the court reviewed classified declarations in camera, among them one from Air Force Vice Chief of Staff General Thomas S. Moorman Jr. The EPA inspected the operating location from December 6, 1994 to March 10, 1995. The district court granted summary judgment to the Air Force in Frost and dismissed Kasza as moot, and the Ninth Circuit affirmed on January 8, 1998, applying the privilege defined in United States v. Reynolds.[^15]

[Bill Clinton](/people/bill-clinton/) signed Presidential Determination No. 95-45 on September 29, 1995. It exempts "the Air Force's operating location near Groom Lake, Nevada" from any provision "respecting control and abatement of solid waste or hazardous waste disposal that would require the disclosure of classified information concerning that operating location," and names both suits.[^16] The company's annual report for 1995, filed on March 13, 1996, records that it had won the support services contract for the Nevada Test Site as an integrated subcontractor to Bechtel National, Inc. beginning in 1996, through a new unit, Lockheed Martin Nevada Technologies, Inc.[^17]

### Kelly Johnson's sightings

On December 16, 1953 a five-man Lockheed flight test crew and Johnson watched the same object at different times. According to the study by Martin Shough of the National Aviation Reporting Centre on Anomalous Phenomena, Johnson gathered five eyewitness reports "under special cover" and sent them on January 20, 1954 through Donald L. Putt to the [Air Technical Intelligence Center](/organizations/foreign-technology-division/) at [Wright-Patterson Air Force Base](/places/wright-patterson-air-force-base/).[^18]

Putt's covering letter, addressed to Colonel George L. Wertenbaker and dated February 15, 1954 in Shough's appendix, says the report "was handed to me by Lockheed personnel with the explanation that Mr. Johnson was most reluctant to write the report in the first place and then refused to forward it on to you because of his belief that those who profess to have seen flying saucers are not usually considered to be logical and practical hard-headed engineers."[^19] Shough records that Johnson had described a fast-moving "flame or emanation" of "beautiful light blue" colour near Brents Junction around Christmas 1951, which he believed was a flying saucer.[^18]

Shough found that the Project Blue Book card gives the conclusion "OTHER - CLOUD lenticular cloud." He wrote that "The only conventional explanation having even a little plausibility is an unusually compact and well-defined lenticular wave cloud," and that "such a cloud seems unlikely."[^18] The papers of Ben Rich at the Huntington Library include a file whose title reads "Sighting of a flying saucer by certain Lockheed Aircraft Corporation personnel on 16 December 1953."[^20]

### Rich's remarks on the E.T. line

The remarks of Ben Rich on the subject survive mainly in the accounts of those who heard them. Peter W. Merlin documented that Rich ended his lectures from the spring of 1983 with a joke: at a Defense Week symposium on September 20, 1983 he said "The Skunk Works has been assigned the task of getting E.T. back home," and on May 23, 1990 he told a chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution that "last week we received a contract to take E.T. back home."[^21]

Jan Harzan, later executive director of the Mutual UFO Network, told a radio network in January 2012 and Alejandro Rojas of Open Minds in July 2013 that he attended a March 1993 alumni lecture by Rich at [UCLA](/organizations/ucla/) with the engineer Tom Keller. Harzan said Rich showed about two dozen slides, ended with one of a disk-shaped craft, and concluded: "We now have the technology to take E.T. home." Harzan said that afterward Rich told one engineer, "We now know how to travel to the stars. We found an error in the equations and it won't take a lifetime to do it," and that, when Harzan pressed him on interstellar propulsion, Rich asked "how does ESP work?" and answered Harzan's reply with "That's how it works." Merlin, who reported the account, wrote that in his view Rich had carried his joke too far, and that Keller's version in the May 2010 issue of the MUFON UFO Journal had misquoted the usual closing line. Merlin also reports Rich's remark in a 1994 interview with Popular Science that "There are some new programs, and there are certain things, some of them 20 or 30 years old, that are still breakthroughs and appropriate to keep quiet about," and a July 1986 letter in which Rich wrote to a model-kit designer, "I'm a believer in both categories. I feel everything is possible."[^22]

### Accounts of recovered material

The accounts that name the company or its Skunk Works are set out here in the order in which they became public, each attributed to the person who gave it.

Notes attributed to the physicist [Eric Davis](/people/eric-davis/) and dated October 16, 2002 record a meeting with Vice Admiral Thomas R. Wilson, who said that in June 1997 he found, in a records group of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, a program run by "an aerospace technology contractor," "one of the top ones in US," and that the contractor had intelligence "in their corporate portfolio." Asked to name it, the notes record Wilson replying "That is core secret." They describe a meeting in the contractor's "secure vault" with a program director, a corporate attorney and a retired [National Security Agency](/organizations/nsa/) security director who called themselves "the watch committee," and an "intact craft" that the program manager said was technology not made by man.[^23] Wilson told the reporter Billy Cox in 2020 that the account was "all fiction."[^24]

[Harry Reid](/people/harry-reid/) told the New Yorker writer Gideon Lewis-Kraus in 2021: "I was told for decades that Lockheed had some of these retrieved materials." Reid said he had tried to obtain a classified approval from the Pentagon to see them, that "They would not approve that," and that this was why he had asked for special access program status for the [Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program](/programs/advanced-aerospace-threat-identification-program/). Lewis-Kraus wrote that a July 2020 New York Times article by [Leslie Kean](/people/leslie-kean/) and [Ralph Blumenthal](/people/ralph-blumenthal/) had been corrected to say that Reid "did not believe that crash debris had been allocated to private military contractors for study; he believed that U.F.O.s may have crashed, and that, if so, we should be studying the fallout," and that Reid told him he had "never seen proof of any remnants." A representative of Lockheed Martin declined to comment for the article.[^25]

In his written testimony of September 9, 2025 the journalist [George Knapp](/people/george-knapp/) wrote that "It has been widely reported over many years that aerospace titan Lockheed Martin is one of the defense contractors entrusted with mystery material and perhaps entire craft," and that the "principal facility at Groom Lake was built to be a safe haven and testing ground for Lockheed's legendary spy plane, the U-2." He testified that he had "confirmed that Bigelow and a trusted colleague met with and negotiated with a senior executive at Lockheed and hammered out a deal wherein Bigelow's company, BAASS, would receive a quantity of unusual material that Lockheed was safeguarding at a facility in California," that a source who was in the room confirmed it, that the composition of the material "suggested it had been crafted in a zero-gravity environment," and that "The agreement was not completed." He also wrote that the former Nevada senator Howard Cannon "had a personal relationship with the top guys at Lockheed."[^26]

The researcher Keith Basterfield wrote on November 30, 2023 that [David Grusch](/people/david-grusch/), in an interview with Joe Rogan, had said that Senator Reid sought under the contract of [Robert Bigelow](/people/robert-bigelow/)'s [Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies](/organizations/bigelow-aerospace-advanced-space-studies/) (BAASS) to have retrieved material transferred from Lockheed Martin to BAASS, quoting Grusch: "the other government customer which was the Central Intelligence Agency for that specific Lockheed material...from the 50's...bits and pieces of hull structures." Basterfield juxtaposed this with a one-page "BAASS goals 2011/2012" document released by the Department of Homeland Security under the Freedom of Information Act, whose first goal reads "Advanced Technology Analysis Center - analyze recovered AAV technology in collaboration with aerospace companies."[^27]

At a House Oversight hearing on November 13, 2024, Representative Eric Burlison asked [Luis Elizondo](/people/luis-elizondo/) about a transfer. Elizondo said that a document cleared by the Defense Department's Office of Prepublication and Security Review stated that "an aerospace contract company" had "requested to divest itself of the material" that "was collected in the 1950s," and that "that did not actually occur"; he agreed that the company was Bigelow Aerospace. Burlison then cited the journalist Christopher Sharp as reporting a transfer among Lockheed Martin, Bigelow Aerospace and the CIA that was blocked, and Elizondo answered: "it was blocked. Why it was blocked, I can only surmise." He said that contract personnel had later told him the account was accurate. Asked by Representative [Nancy Mace](/people/nancy-mace/) about Lockheed's expertise, he answered "Aerospace, ma'am."[^28]

The [Wall Street Journal](/organizations/the-wall-street-journal/) reported on June 21, 2025 that Davis had been part of a small group of defense experts who claimed knowledge of a program at the Skunk Works to hold extraterrestrial technology. The article says that in 2022 [Sean Kirkpatrick](/people/sean-kirkpatrick/), then the [Pentagon](/organizations/pentagon/)'s UFO investigator, asked executives of the six largest defense contractors whether any of their companies had gained access to alien technology; that the Lockheed answer was complicated because the Skunk Works had just tested and attempted to replicate a piece of metal said to have come from a crashed craft near [Roswell](/events/roswell-incident/); that [To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science](/organizations/to-the-stars-academy-of-arts-science/) had bought fragments in 2019 from a UFO researcher; that the fragments had reached the radio host Art Bell by mail in 1996 from a listener; and that Oak Ridge National Laboratory tested the metal and concluded that it was probably a Second World War-era manufacturing test. The article reports that Lockheed declined to comment and referred questions to the [Army](/organizations/us-army/).[^29] A Pentagon spokeswoman, Sue Gough, told the same newspaper that the investigation had found no verifiable information substantiating claims that programs for possessing or reverse-engineering extraterrestrial materials existed in the past or exist currently.[^30]

The July 26, 2023 hearing of the [House Oversight Committee](/organizations/house-committee-on-oversight-and-government-reform/) subcommittee on national security produced testimony from Grusch describing a "multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse engineering" program. Asked by Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez about interactions between defense contractors and UAP-related programs, Grusch answered that "the contractors, you know, or the metal benders, so to speak, the ones actually doing specific performance on government contracts" were involved. Asked by Burlison whether there was evidence that the craft were produced by domestic military contractors, he answered "Not to my knowledge. Plus, the recoveries predate a lot of our advanced programs that I previously am waiving off."[^31]

The [All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office](/organizations/all-domain-anomaly-resolution-office/) (AARO) wrote in February 2024 that it "found no empirical evidence for claims that the USG and private companies have been reverse-engineering extraterrestrial technology." Its report says that the executives, scientists and chief technology officers of companies named by interviewees "met with the Director of AARO and denied on the record that they have ever recovered, possessed, or engaged in reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial technology." The report describes a thirdhand account in which an organization held twelve spacecraft recovered before 1970 and "the CIA had a partnership with the company that ended in 1989," and a second account in which an organization held off-world material in 2009 and 2010, a separate interviewee took part in negotiations to return it to the government, and "a former named senior CIA official quashed the proposal to remove the material from the corporation." AARO stated that it "discovered no empirical evidence supporting these claims."[^32] Elsewhere the report describes Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Program, "also known as 'Skunk Works,'" as the developer of the P-175 Polecat unmanned aircraft, first flown in 2005 and disclosed at the 2006 Farnborough Airshow, and of the RQ-170 Sentinel. It lists the RQ-3 Dark Star, developed by Lockheed Martin, Boeing and [DARPA](/organizations/darpa/), and states that some observers asserted that it "resembled a flying saucer with long narrow wings."[^33]

Kirkpatrick wrote in Scientific American on January 19, 2024 of a story told by "conspiracists" in which the United States had hidden and tried to reverse engineer as many as twelve craft, abandoned the effort to private sector defense contractors, and later saw those contractors "want to bring the whole program back under U.S. government (USG) auspices," with the CIA apparently stopping the transfer. He called this "all without substantiating evidence."[^34]

[Ron Blackburn](/people/ron-blackburn/), a retired Air Force lieutenant colonel, was working at the Burbank Skunk Works in 1984, according to [John B. Alexander](/people/john-b-alexander/), when the two met. A handwritten page by [Jack Houck](/people/jack-houck/) dated May 21, 1985 places Blackburn's name beside the word "Lockheed" in notes on the [Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group](/programs/advanced-theoretical-physics-working-group/).[^35]

The attorney Daniel Sheehan, interviewed by the Liberation Times on December 3, 2023, named Raytheon, [Radiance Technologies](/organizations/radiance-technologies/) and the CIA's Directorate of Operations, along with Lockheed Martin, as entities that had pressured members of Congress against the [Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act](/concepts/unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-disclosure-act/). He said the companies had been "given particular discrete aspects of the technology to try to figure it out." The outlet reported that multiple sources described the claim as untrue.[^36]

### Sandia National Laboratories and the Department of Energy

The company's Energy and Environment sector managed several Department of Energy facilities. The 1995 filing states that "The Sector also manages the Sandia National Laboratories, a federally funded research and development center with responsibilities for national security programs in defense, energy and the environment."[^37] It also records an extension of the contract of Lockheed Martin Energy Systems to manage the Oak Ridge facilities and the environmental programs at Portsmouth, Ohio and Paducah, Kentucky through March 31, 1998, at an estimated Department of Energy budget of $3.5 billion, and a separate contract for Oak Ridge National Laboratory under a new unit, Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation.[^17] The 1996 annual report describes the company as "the largest management and operations contractor within the DoE's system of laboratories" and lists Sandia among the facilities it manages, with Sandia Corporation among its subsidiaries.[^38]

The laboratory's own history states that "Originally a wholly owned subsidiary of Western Electric, Sandia Corporation was a Lockheed Martin company from 1993-2017," and that in 2017 management passed to National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International.[^39] The 1995 filing lists Albert Narath as president of Sandia Corporation from April 1989 to August 14, 1995, and then as president and chief operating officer of the company's Energy and Environment sector.[^40]

Two records of the Defense Intelligence Agency's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program fall within the years of Lockheed Martin's management of the laboratory. A DIA information memorandum of October 30, 2009 on the technical reports delivered by BAASS states that five of the reviews were performed by outside reviewers, "including three research staff members at Sandia National Laboratories," and that "all of the reviews were positive, some exceptionally so." The enclosure lists the titles of the 26 reports, among them "Antigravity for Aerospace Applications," "Wormholes in Space Time" and "Quantum Entanglement Communications," and marks the reports that Sandia reviewed.[^41] The BAASS ten-month report of July 30, 2009, as Keith Basterfield quotes it, records that BAASS sent a request for proposals for a $400,000 study of the effects of public confirmation of "advanced exotic aerospace craft" to Battelle Memorial Institute, Southwestern Research Institute, the Center for American Progress and Sandia, and that "Sandia National Laboratories volunteered that they did not have the expertise for the project."[^42]

### Compact fusion

On October 15, 2014 the company announced that its Skunk Works was pursuing a compact fusion reactor concept that "can be developed and deployed in as little as ten years." The release states that the design "offers a 90 percent size reduction over previous concepts" and that "Currently, there are several patents pending that cover their approach." It identifies Tom McGuire as the compact fusion lead for the Skunk Works' Revolutionary Technology Programs.[^43]

### Japan and the 1976 bribery record

The subcommittee on multinational corporations of the [Senate Committee on Foreign Relations](/organizations/senate-foreign-relations-committee/), chaired by [Frank Church](/people/frank-church/), held hearings on Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in February 1976. The printed record, Part 14, covers hearings of February 4 and 6 and May 4, 1976.[^44] In his opening statement Church said the hearings would show that Lockheed had "for many years employed as its agent, a prominent leader of the ultra right wing militarist political faction in Japan and has paid him millions of dollars in fees and commissions over the last few years."[^45] A statement at the hearing recorded that over $200 million in commissions were paid by Lockheed between 1970 and 1975, and that the company had told the Senate Finance Committee and the [Securities and Exchange Commission](/organizations/securities-and-exchange-commission/) that approximately $22 million went to government officials.[^46]

The Securities and Exchange Commission reported to the Senate Banking Committee on May 12, 1976 that its complaint against Lockheed named the company's chairman of the board from 1957 until February 1976 and its president from 1967 until October 1975. The complaint alleged that secret payments of at least $25 million, at times in cash, had been made to foreign government officials to obtain and keep contracts; that at least $750,000 recorded for other purposes had been deposited in a secret Swiss bank account; and that over $200 million had been paid to consultants and commission agents without adequate records. It described false accounting entries and cash and "bearer" drafts payable to officials, nominees and conduits.[^47]

The Japanese agent was Yoshio Kodama. A biographical note printed in the hearing record, drawn from a 1960 study by Ivan Morris, describes him as a nationalist leader born in 1911 who founded the Independence Youth Society in 1932, ran a purchasing agency in China for the Imperial Army, and was held in Sugamo Prison as a Class A war criminal from 1945 to 1948.[^48] The [Washington Post](/organizations/washington-post/) reported from Tokyo on June 3, 1977 that Kodama had admitted receiving about $45,000 a year from Lockheed between 1958 and 1969 and about $130,000 a year afterward, and that former prime minister Kakuei Tanaka and 17 other politicians and businessmen had been indicted in the scandal. The same dispatch says that Kodama, after his release from prison, "is said to have been paid by the CIA to bring out tungsten from China, but reportedly never delivered the metal."[^49] A [New York Times](/organizations/new-york-times/) report by Richard Halloran, preserved in the CIA reading room, says that Kodama was indicted on charges of violating Japan's foreign currency control law by receiving secret payments totaling almost $1.5 million from Lockheed, and that the agency "reportedly" maintained a relationship with him beginning in the 1950s, and adds: "How long that lasted is not publicly known."[^50]

The Tokyo prosecution, as the Washington Post reported it, alleged that Kodama was to receive $4 million on the sale of the first six TriStar aircraft to Korean Air Lines, in which his friend Kenji Osano held shares, and $120,000 for each plane after that. The same account says that when J. W. Clutter, a Lockheed executive, was summoned to appear before the subcommittee, he telephoned Kodama's interpreter, Taro Fukuda, to warn of the consequences of the hearing. A prosecution statement quoted Kodama as saying, on February 4, 1976, that "Lockheed should pay for its mistakes" and "they should at least pay my taxes." Osano, who owned several hotels in Hawaii, was charged with perjury in connection with the case, and the prosecution described him as a friend of Tanaka.[^49]

The agency's own reading-room file on the affair contains wire and newspaper items under headlines such as "CIA DENIES LOCKHEED PAYOFF TIES," "C.I.A. QUERIED ON TIE TO LOCKHEED AGENT" and "LOCKHEED AGENT HAD CONTACTS AMONG TOP JAPANESE." A reprinted editorial titled "The Lessons of the Lockheed Scandal" says that Japanese-American relations "have passed under a chilling shadow" and that untimely elections might be necessary in Japan.[^51]

In the hearings, Lockheed's executive Kotchian answered Church's question about a $100,000 payment to a "high government official in the Netherlands" by saying that the records indicated it had been made. Asked whether it was the first payment to that official, he said "I believe there had been previous instances," and that the first had been in 1961 or 1962 to the best of his knowledge. Asked about an earlier $1 million payment to the same official, Kotchian attributed it to "general good will and helpfulness" on programs in the area.[^52] Representative Michael J. Harrington, in the 1977 hearings on corporate payments, linked allegations that Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands had received $1.1 million in Lockheed payments to that official's resignation from his posts.[^53]

The Italian section of the record contains two receipts from the consultant Com.El. S.p.A. to Lockheed Georgia Company at Marietta: one dated June 11, 1970 for 70 million lire (112,000 dollars), part of the commission due on execution of the Defense Ministry's letter of intent for fourteen C-130 Hercules aircraft, and one dated November 30, 1971 for 70 million lire as the balance of that commission.[^54] Ann Crittenden reported in [The New York Times](/organizations/new-york-times/) in April 1976 that the CIA had known of Lockheed's payments in the 1950s.[^55] William Shawcross, writing in The Observer in April 1976, summarized Tad Szulc in The New Republic on the agency's role.[^56]

Jerome Alan Cohen, writing in 1976, described Lockheed's "$12 million payoffs in Japan" and said that the company's lawyer, the former Secretary of State William P. Rogers, had prevailed upon [Henry Kissinger](/people/henry-a-kissinger/) in December to persuade a federal district court to bar the Securities and Exchange Commission from disclosing the names of foreign officials. Cohen wrote that Kissinger "persisted" in that position for a few days before the State Department changed course, and that Deputy Secretary of State Robert S. Ingersoll told Senator William Proxmire's Banking Committee that the names would be turned over only after the commission finished its investigation.[^57]

### The 1971 federal loan guarantee

The Emergency Loan Guarantee Act, approved on August 9, 1971, created an Emergency Loan Guarantee Board chaired by the Secretary of the Treasury, with the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board among its members, to guarantee loans to major businesses.[^58] A guarantee required the board to find that the loan was needed to enable the borrower to continue to furnish goods or services, that failure to meet that need "would adversely and seriously affect the economy of or employment in the Nation or any region thereof," and that credit was not otherwise available to the borrower.[^58] A 1977 Naval Postgraduate School master's thesis on the company and the act, held by the Defense Technical Information Center, describes the company as asking for $250 million in government-guaranteed loans, which was the ceiling the act set, and records that the guarantees covered bank loans totaling that amount.[^59]

### Intelligence and classified work

The Future Imagery Architecture satellite contract for the [National Reconnaissance Office](/organizations/national-reconnaissance-office/) went to Boeing over Lockheed Martin on September 3, 1999. The NRO's history describes the program's technical problems and later restructuring.[^60] Federal award data on USAspending lists Lockheed Martin Corporation as the recipient of Department of the Navy contract N0001917C0001, with a total value of $35.1 billion, the largest of its Department of Defense awards in a search of fiscal years 2020 through 2025.[^61]

The company's role in the FBI's Sentinel case-management system is recorded in the 2013 confirmation hearing of James Comey. Senator Chuck Grassley told the committee that the FBI had issued a stop-work order to Lockheed Martin, the leading contractor on Sentinel, in March 2010, which preceded the FBI's termination of the company as prime contractor, and that the Inspector General had repeatedly faulted the program, which ran past its deadline and cost significantly more than planned. Comey, who had been the company's general counsel, answered "None. I was aware of it internally at Lockheed Martin just in a general way," and added that he "had been Deputy Attorney General when the contract was first let."[^62] The nominee's questionnaire lists his service as senior vice president and general counsel of Lockheed Martin from September 2005 to September 2010, and states that he expected a lump-sum pension payment from the company of $400,000 in December 2015. The same hearing record covers his employment at the hedge fund [Bridgewater Associates](/organizations/bridgewater-associates/) and his seat on the board of HSBC.[^63]

A Pentagon inquiry into the intelligence network of Michael Furlong in Asia, which the New York Times reported in October 2010 through Mark Mazzetti, described the network as operating under a $22 million contract run by Lockheed Martin, with agents overseen by [Dewey Clarridge](/people/dewey-clarridge/). The results of the inquiry were classified.[^64]

[Logan Grumbach](/people/logan-grumbach/), whose profile lists work as a missile defense manager at Boeing and Lockheed Martin, later became a vice president at [Ignite Fueling Innovation](/organizations/ignite-fueling-innovation/).[^65] The retired colonel [Karl Nell](/people/karl-nell/) describes his career as including senior systems engineering at Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space, in a biography published by the SALT investor conference.[^66]

The company's radio work in West Texas appears in federal licensing records. An experimental license filed with the Federal Communications Commission for a transmitter at [Sierra Blanca, Texas](/places/sierra-blanca-texas/), call sign WF9XKC, file 0041-EX-ST-2012, is listed to Lockheed Martin, and its exhibit is an antenna sketch for the Cassidian Electronics model TRxS radar antenna.[^67]

The [Center for a New American Security](/organizations/center-for-a-new-american-security/) lists Lockheed Martin among donors giving between 100,000 and 249,999 dollars in the period from October 2024 to September 2025.[^68] The company's venture arm, Lockheed Martin Ventures, was among the new investors in the August 2022 funding round of Xona Space Systems.[^69]

### Aerojet Rocketdyne and the commercial record

On January 25, 2022 the Federal Trade Commission voted 4 to 0 to challenge Lockheed Martin's proposed $4.4 billion acquisition of [Aerojet](/organizations/aerojet/), a missile propulsion supplier, and to seek a preliminary injunction in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The agency described Aerojet as the last independent U.S. supplier of critical inputs for missile systems.[^70] The merger agreement was terminated on February 13, 2022.[^71]

In April 2015 Arabsat and the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology awarded Lockheed Martin a contract for two A2100 communications satellites, Arabsat 6A and Hellas-Sat-4/SaudiGeoSat-1, built through a joint venture between Lockheed Martin and TAQNIA Space Company, with the Saudi agency as technology partner. The release quotes [Turki bin Saud bin Mohammed Al Saud](/people/turki-bin-saud-bin-mohammed-al-saud/).[^72]

### Ben-Menashe's accounts

The former Israeli intelligence officer [Ari Ben-Menashe](/people/ari-ben-menashe/) has described two incidents involving Lockheed. In his 1992 book he wrote that while serving as a duty officer in [Unit 8200](/organizations/unit-8200/) in 1976 he intercepted a telegram detailing bribes paid by a Lockheed representative in Israel to Defense Minister [Shimon Peres](/people/shimon-peres/), with $3.5 million deposited in one of Peres's brother's business accounts in Europe. He wrote that the telegram, its translation and related logs were ordered erased and that no public disclosure or inquiry followed.[^73] Ben-Menashe also described his November 1989 arrest, on a charge of attempting to broker the sale of three Israeli-owned Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport aircraft.[^74]

[^1]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K405 for the fiscal year 1995, filed March 13, 1996, Item 1 (the combination of March 15, 1995 and the mergers of January 28, 1996) and cover page (Bethesda, Maryland), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt
[^2]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K405 for the fiscal year 1995, Item 1, Aeronautics Sector ("Through The Skunk Works, Aeronautics Sector performs a substantial amount of classified work"; "supports the F-117 stealth fighter bomber"), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt
[^3]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K405 for fiscal 1995, Item 14 (exhibit list, Loral Merger Agreement dated as of January 7, 1996), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt ; Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1996, financial statement notes on the April 1996 business combination with Loral, filed March 1997, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-97-002222.txt
[^4]: Obituary of Bernard L. Schwartz (died March 12, 2024).
[^5]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K405 for the fiscal year 1995, Item 3, Legal Proceedings (Boggs et al. v. Divested Atomic Energy Corporation et al., filed June 7, 1990; the grand jury subpoena of May 9, 1995; the Department of Defense Inspector General subpoenas of June 27, 1994, November 29, 1994, December 22, 1994, May 4, 1995 and February 12, 1996), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt
[^6]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K405 for the fiscal year 1995, Item 3, Legal Proceedings (the EPA and Army Criminal Investigative Command inquiry), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt
[^7]: Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994), https://archive.org/details/skunk-works-apersonal-memoir-of-my-years-at-lockheed-ben-rrich (dates of Rich's tenure as head of the unit and his retirement).
[^8]: Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974 (Washington: CIA History Staff, 1992; released in less redacted form 2013), chapter 2, pp. 39 to 45 (the program's establishment on November 26, 1954, the contract, the price agreed in spring 1958, and the Skunk Works), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%202.pdf ; the same history was published as The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974 (Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1998).
[^9]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, 1995 annual report to shareholders, reproduced as Exhibit 13 to the Form 10-K405 for fiscal 1995 ("Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, a national asset since its inception during World War II"), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt
[^10]: Pedlow and Welzenbach, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance, chapter 2, pp. 56 to 57 (flight of April 12, 1955, Groom Lake, the Paradise Ranch and Area 51), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%202.pdf
[^11]: Pedlow and Welzenbach, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance, chapter 2, pp. 66 and 72 (delivery of the first U-2 on July 25, 1955; the scheduled flight beginning October 3, 1955; the crash of November 17, 1955), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%202.pdf
[^12]: Pedlow and Welzenbach, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance, chapter 2, pp. 72 to 73 ("U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK"), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%202.pdf
[^13]: Pedlow and Welzenbach, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance, chapter 6, pp. 274 to 275 (EG&G radar test facility moved to Area 51 on September 10, 1959; the mockup), p. 285 (Amendment No. 11, ten A-12 aircraft, $161 million) and pp. 288 to 289 (first flights of April 25 and 30, 1962), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%206.pdf
[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, cable from Kelly Johnson of Lockheed received April 19, 1963, and reply of April 25, 1963, concerning approval of Francis Gary Powers to fly U-2 aircraft, SECRET, CIA-RDP89B00739R000300110131-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp89b00739r000300110131-3.
[^15]: Kasza v. Browner and Frost v. Perry, 133 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir. Jan. 8, 1998), affirming Frost v. Perry, 161 F.R.D. 434 (D. Nev. 1995) and 919 F. Supp. 1459 (D. Nev. 1996), and Kasza v. Browner, 902 F. Supp. 1240 (D. Nev. 1995), https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/133/133.F3d.1159.96-16930.96-16933.96-16895.96-16892.96-15537.html
[^16]: Presidential Determination No. 95-45 of September 29, 1995, "Presidential Determination on Classified Information Concerning the Air Force's Operating Location Near Groom Lake, Nevada," 60 Fed. Reg. 52823 (Oct. 10, 1995), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/1995/10/10/95-25244.txt
[^17]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, 1995 annual report to shareholders, Energy & Environment Sector, reproduced as Exhibit 13 to the Form 10-K405 for fiscal 1995 (Nevada Test Site support services contract as integrated subcontractor to Bechtel National, Inc.; Lockheed Martin Nevada Technologies, Inc.; Lockheed Martin Energy Systems extension through March 31, 1998; Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt
[^18]: Martin Shough, "A Study of the Lockheed Sightings," National Aviation Reporting Centre on Anomalous Phenomena, July 2014, summary, sections 1 and 7 and appendix (Johnson's account of Christmas 1951, the five reports collected "under special cover" and forwarded on January 20, 1954, and the Blue Book card), https://mail.project1947.com/fig/Lockheed_Case_Dec_16_1953.pdf
[^19]: D. L. Putt to Col. George L. Wertenbaker, covering letter reproduced in Shough, "A Study of the Lockheed Sightings," appendix (letter dated February 15, 1954 as cited there), https://mail.project1947.com/fig/Lockheed_Case_Dec_16_1953.pdf
[^20]: Huntington Library, "Ben R. Rich papers, 1940-1995," Online Archive of California, https://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c86d5rqx/admin/.
[^21]: Peter W. Merlin, "Taking E.T. Home: Birth of a Modern Myth," SUNlite 5, no. 6 (November-December 2013), pp. 17 to 18 (Defense Week symposium of September 20, 1983; the Daughters of the American Revolution address of May 23, 1990), https://web.archive.org/web/20150321193509/home.comcast.net/~tprinty/UFO/SUNlite5_6.pdf
[^22]: Merlin, "Taking E.T. Home," SUNlite 5, no. 6, pp. 16 to 19 (the Harzan interviews of January 2012 and July 2013, the account of the March 1993 UCLA lecture, the Popular Science interview of 1994 and the letter of July 1986), same URL.
[^23]: "EWD NOTES 10/16/02, Eric Davis Meeting with Adm. Wilson," pp. 3 to 4 and 8 to 13, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wilsonleak.pdf
[^24]: Billy Cox, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 2020, as quoted in The Black Vault, "The Admiral Wilson Leak: An Analysis," https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/the-admiral-wilson-leak-an-analysis/
[^25]: Gideon Lewis-Kraus, "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously," The New Yorker, May 10, 2021, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously
[^26]: George Knapp, written testimony, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," Serial No. 119-44, September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf
[^27]: Keith Basterfield, "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, quoting Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp, Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations (RTMA, 2023) and the Department of Homeland Security response to the Freedom of Information Act request of Marc Cecotti, https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html
[^28]: House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Exposing the Truth," joint hearing, November 13, 2024, Serial No. 118-135, questions of Representatives Burlison and Mace, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg57440/html/CHRG-118hhrg57440.htm
[^29]: Joel Schectman and Aruna Viswanatha, "Was It Scrap Metal or an Alien Spacecraft? The Army Asked an Elite Defense Lab to Investigate," The Wall Street Journal, June 21, 2025 (print edition June 23, 2025).
[^30]: Schectman and Viswanatha, The Wall Street Journal, June 21, 2025, statement of the Pentagon spokeswoman Sue Gough.
[^31]: House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, Serial No. 118-53, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
[^32]: Department of Defense, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena, Volume I, February 2024, Executive Summary and the section on claims of hidden programs, https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-CLEARED-508-COMPLIANT-HRRV1-08-MAR-2024-FINAL.PDF
[^33]: AARO, Report on the Historical Record, Volume I, February 2024, pp. 44 to 45 (RQ-3 Dark Star, P-175 Polecat and RQ-170 Sentinel sections), same URL.
[^34]: Sean Kirkpatrick, "Here's What I Learned as the U.S. Government's UFO Hunter," Scientific American, January 19, 2024, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heres-what-i-learned-as-the-u-s-governments-ufo-hunter/
[^35]: Jack Houck, handwritten page headed "Advanced Physics," May 21, 1985, and John B. Alexander, "UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities" (2011), as quoted in Daniel Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 15, 20 and 188, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^36]: Liberation Times, interview with Daniel Sheehan, December 3, 2023.
[^37]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K405 for fiscal 1995, Item 1, Energy and Environment Sector, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt
[^38]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1996, Item 1, Energy and Environment Sector, and list of subsidiaries, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-97-002222.txt
[^39]: Sandia National Laboratories, "Sandia's Government Owned/Contractor Operated heritage," https://www.sandia.gov/about/history/goco.html
[^40]: Lockheed Martin Corporation, Form 10-K405 for fiscal 1995, Part I, Item 4A, Executive Officers of the Registrant, entry for Albert Narath, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/0000950109-96-001535.txt
[^41]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Info Memo U-429-09, "Review of Advanced Aerospace Contract Deliverables," October 30, 2009, with the enclosure listing the FY 2009 technical reports, in the packet "Senator Harry Reid's Request to Put the Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program under Special Access Protection" prepared for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's meeting of November 17, 2009, released to The Black Vault, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/09117-Final_Packet_Presented_to_DepSecDef.pdf
[^42]: Keith Basterfield, "The BAASS 'Project Campus,'" July 7, 2025, quoting the BAASS Ten Month Report (July 30, 2009), https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/07/the-baass-project-campus.html
[^43]: Lockheed Martin news release, "Lockheed Martin Pursuing Compact Nuclear Fusion Reactor Concept," October 15, 2014, Palmdale, California, https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2014-10-15-Lockheed-Martin-Pursuing-Compact-Nuclear-Fusion-Reactor-Concept
[^44]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy, Hearings, 94th Congress, 2d session, on Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Part 14, February 4 and 6 and May 4, 1976 (Washington: GPO, 1976), https://archive.org/details/MultinationalCorporationsAndUSForeignPolicyUSSenateHearings (text file 1976_Multinationals_lockheed-japan-bribes)
[^45]: Opening statement of Senator Frank Church, Part 14 of Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy, February 4, 1976, same record.
[^46]: Statement headed "Payments disclosed in the Lockheed hearing of September 12, 1975," Part 14 of Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy, 1976, same record.
[^47]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Report of the Securities and Exchange Commission on Questionable and Illegal Corporate Payments and Practices to the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, May 12, 1976, Securities Regulation and Law Report No. 353 (BNA), Special Supplement, May 19, 1976, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation section, https://sechistorical.org/wp-content/uploads/1976_0512_SECQuestionable.pdf
[^48]: Biographical note on "Kodama Yoshio (b. 1911)," quoting Ivan Morris, Nationalism and the Right Wing in Japan (Oxford University Press, 1960), printed in Part 14 of Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy, 1976, same record.
[^49]: Andrew Horvat, dispatch from Tokyo, The Washington Post, June 3, 1977 (Tokyo dateline June 2), CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP88-01315R000300450040-9, https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP88-01315R000300450040-9
[^50]: Richard Halloran, The New York Times, 1976, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP88-01315R000300450058-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300450058-0
[^51]: "The Lessons of the Lockheed Scandal," reprinted article, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP88-01315R000300450060-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300450060-7 ; the reading-room items cited in the same paragraph are CIA-RDP88-01315R000300450009-4, CIA-RDP88-01315R000300450026-5 and CIA-RDP88-01315R000300450058-0.
[^52]: Testimony of Mr. Kotchian and exchanges with Senator Church on the Netherlands payments, Part 14 of Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy, 1976, same record.
[^53]: Statement of Representative Michael J. Harrington, Unlawful Corporate Payments Act of 1977, Hearings on H.R. 3815 and H.R. 1602 before the Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, 95th Congress, 1st session, April 1977, Serial No. 95-11, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95hhrg91391O/pdf/CHRG-95hhrg91391O.pdf
[^54]: Part 14 of Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy, 1976, section on political contributions in Italy, translated receipts of Com.El. S.p.A. to Lockheed Georgia Company of June 11, 1970 and November 30, 1971, same record.
[^55]: Ann Crittenden, "C.I.A. Said to Have Known in '50's of Lockheed Bribes," The New York Times, April 1976, CIA reading room copy, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000100650002-9
[^56]: William Shawcross, "Did CIA back Lockheed bribes to Japanese?," The Observer, April 1976, summarizing Tad Szulc in The New Republic, CIA reading room copy, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300470050-6.
[^57]: Jerome Alan Cohen, "Lockheed Cover-Up?," 1976, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP88-01315R000300450030-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300450030-0
[^58]: Public Law 92-70, Emergency Loan Guarantee Act, approved August 9, 1971, 85 Stat. 178, sections 1 to 3, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-85/pdf/STATUTE-85-Pg178.pdf
[^59]: "An Assessment of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation and the Emergency Loan Guarantee Act," Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, master's thesis, 1977, Defense Technical Information Center, ADA040197 (guaranteed bank loans totaling $250 million).
[^60]: Bruce Berkowitz, The National Reconnaissance Office at 50 Years: A Brief History, Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance, September 2011, pp. 20 to 29.
[^61]: USAspending.gov, spending_by_award search, recipient text "LOCKHEED MARTIN," Department of Defense awards, fiscal years 2020 to 2025 (largest award N0001917C0001, Department of the Navy, $35,135,514,910.20), queried October 15, 2026, https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/search/spending_by_award/
[^62]: Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of James B. Comey, Jr., to Be Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 9, 2013, S. Hrg. 113-850, exchange between Senator Grassley and the nominee on Sentinel, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113shrg23750/pdf/CHRG-113shrg23750.pdf
[^63]: Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of James B. Comey, Jr., July 9, 2013, S. Hrg. 113-850, nominee's Senate Judiciary Committee questionnaire (employment record, "Senior Vice President and General Counsel (9/05-9/10) Lockheed Martin" and the pension statement) and the opening exchanges on Lockheed Martin, Bridgewater and HSBC, same record.
[^64]: Mark Mazzetti, "Inquiry Finds U.S. Official Set Up Spy Ring in Asia," The New York Times, October 28, 2010 (reprinted by RAWA News), https://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2010/10/28/inquiry-finds-u-s-official-set-up-spy-ring-in-asia.phtml
[^65]: Logan Grumbach, professional profile and Ignite Fueling Innovation announcement.
[^66]: SALT investor conference, biography of Karl E. Nell.
[^67]: Federal Communications Commission, Experimental Licensing System, generic search by transmitter city (Sierra Blanca, Fort Hancock), file 0041-EX-ST-2012 (WF9XKC), https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/els/reports/GenericSearch.cfm.
[^68]: Center for a New American Security, "CNAS Supporters," contributions from October 1, 2024, to September 30, 2025, https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas/cnas-supporters
[^69]: Mark Holmes, "Lockheed Martin Invests in Xona Space Systems $25M Funding Round," Via Satellite, August 8, 2022, https://www.satellitetoday.com/finance/2022/08/08/lockheed-martin-invests-in-xona-space-systems-25m-funding-round/
[^70]: Federal Trade Commission, "FTC Sues to Block Lockheed Martin Corporation's $4.4 Billion Vertical Acquisition of Aerojet Rocketdyne," press release, January 25, 2022, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2022/01/ftc-sues-block-lockheed-martin-corporations-44-billion-vertical-acquisition-aerojet-rocketdyne
[^71]: Termination of the Lockheed Martin and Aerojet Rocketdyne merger agreement, February 13, 2022.
[^72]: PR Newswire, "Arabsat and KACST Award Lockheed Martin Contract to Provide Satellite Systems," April 28, 2015, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/arabsat-and-kacst-award-lockheed-martin-contract-to-provide-satellite-systems-to ; Lockheed Martin, "Lockheed Martin, Arabsat and KACST Achieve Significant Milestone on Arabsat 6A and Hellas-Sat-4/SaudiGeoSat-1," May 31, 2016, https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2016-05-31-Lockheed-Martin-Arabsat-and-KACST-Achieve-Significant-Milestone-on-Arabsat-6A-and-Hellas-Sat-4-SaudiGeoSat-1
[^73]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network, Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015), the account of the 1976 telegram.
[^74]: Ari Ben-Menashe, account of the November 1989 arrest.


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