--- aliases: - Psychological Strategy Board - PSB - National Psychological Strategy Board - Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) category: Intelligence & Government created: 2026-10-09 end: 1953-09-02 location: Washington, D.C. relations: - end: 1953-09-02 fn: 1 start: 1951-04-04 type: reported_to with: '[[National Security Council]]' - end: 1953-09-02 fn: 13 role: Member agency; the Director of Central Intelligence sat on the Board and chaired its meetings in 1951 and 1952 start: 1951-07-02 type: participant_in with: '[[Central Intelligence Agency]]' - end: 1952-01 fn: 9 reverse: true role: Director of the Psychological Strategy Board start: 1951-04 type: head_of with: '[[Gordon Gray]]' - end: 1952-08 fn: 9 reverse: true role: Director of the Psychological Strategy Board start: 1952-01 type: head_of with: '[[Raymond B. Allen]]' - end: 1953 fn: 10 reverse: true role: Director of the Psychological Strategy Board start: 1952 type: head_of with: '[[Alan G. Kirk]]' - end: 1952 fn: 9 reverse: true role: Acting Director of the Psychological Strategy Board start: 1951 type: head_of with: '[[George A. Morgan]]' - end: 1952 fn: 18 reverse: true role: Member, Office of Plans; historian of the Board start: 1952 type: employed_by with: '[[Edward P. Lilly]]' start: 1951-04-04 summary: The Psychological Strategy Board, created by Truman's directive of April 4, 1951, coordinated national psychological operations until Executive Order 10483 abolished it on September 2, 1953. tags: - Organization - PsychologicalStrategyBoard - PsychologicalWarfare - NationalSecurityCouncil - CentralIntelligenceAgency - OperationsCoordinatingBoard - ProjectTroy - VolunteerFreedomCorps - Escapees - Defectors - ColdWar - 1950s updated: 2026-10-09 --- The Psychological Strategy Board was an interagency body created by presidential directive on April 4, 1951 to plan and coordinate national psychological operations under the [National Security Council](/organizations/national-security-council/). Its members were the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence, and a Director appointed by the President ran its staff. President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/people/dwight-d-eisenhower/) abolished it by Executive Order 10483 on September 2, 1953, and assigned its outstanding affairs to the Operations Coordinating Board. ### Creation and charter President [Harry S. Truman](/people/harry-s-truman/) signed the directive on April 4, 1951, addressed to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence. It gave the Board's purpose as "more effective planning, coordination and conduct, within the framework of approved national policies, of psychological operations," and defined psychological operations as "all activities (other than overt types of economic warfare) envisioned under NSC 59/1 and NSC 10/2."[^1] The directive stated that "This directive does not authorize the Board nor the Director to perform any 'psychological operations'," and that the Board would "report to the National Security Council."[^1] The White House released an abbreviated version on June 20, 1951.[^2] The [Department of State](/organizations/state-department/) initially opposed the Board and later argued that a Department member should chair it. James E. Webb wrote to the Director of the Bureau of the Budget on March 15, 1951 that it was "impossible . . . to entrust the formulation and execution of policies and programs of political warfare to an agency not subject or subordinate to the Department of State."[^3] The President appointed Gordon Gray, then president of the University of North Carolina and a former Secretary of the Army, as the first Director.[^3] The Board grew out of the [Project Troy](/programs/project-troy/) study of 1950 and 1951. [Paul Nitze](/people/paul-nitze/), then Director of the Policy Planning Staff, wrote to Webb on April 9, 1951 that a memorandum of March 29, 1951 from Edward W. Barrett, Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, envisaged the Board "as operating as a central authority on political warfare" "as recommended by the Troy group," and that "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information."[^4] On November 1, 1951 Gray wrote to [Allen Dulles](/people/allen-dulles/) of the [Central Intelligence Agency](/organizations/central-intelligence-agency/) that Dr. [Julius A. Stratton](/people/julius-a-stratton/) of the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/organizations/massachusetts-institute-of-technology/) would present the program of the Center of International Studies to the Board and its staff on November 7, and that the Center was "a continuation on an established basis of the work recommended by the Troy Report."[^5] A CIA historian's note of an interview with [Max Millikan](/people/max-millikan/) on March 5, 1952, headed "Origin of PSB," records Millikan's recollection that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors.'"[^6] In a paper dated August 3, 1951, Nitze told Webb that the directive was "somewhat unclear in setting forth the scope of the Board's jurisdiction." He described two positions. The first, held by members of the Central Intelligence Agency active in the Board's early work, gave the Board primary authority over "all matters of the conduct of foreign policy short of formal hostilities." The second, held by the State Department and supported by the military, limited the Board to primary authority over coordination of the activities in NSC 59/1 and NSC 10/2 and to a secondary role for psychological factors elsewhere in foreign policy.[^7] The paper was drafted by Charles Burton Marshall, then a member of the Policy Planning Staff.[^7] ### Directors and staff The Board's first meeting, on July 2, 1951, was attended by Gray, Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, Robert Lovett as Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Barrett for the Under Secretary of State, with Allen Dulles and James Q. Reber of the Central Intelligence Agency also present.[^8] Smith argued there that the Board needed a "master plan" on the model of the Combined Chiefs of Staff's sequencing of Germany before Japan, and that the Board should act as "a high-level project review board to allocate missions to the various agencies."[^8] Gray served as Director until January 1952.[^9][^10] Raymond B. Allen directed the Board from January to August 1952.[^9][^10] Alan G. Kirk, listed in the Foreign Relations persons index as Admiral Alan G. Kirk, USN (ret.), was Director from 1952 to 1953. A transmittal memorandum from Kirk dated November 3, 1952 forwarded the Board's report covering July through September 1952.[^10][^11] George A. Morgan served as Acting Director from 1951 to 1952, and signed as Acting Director on July 6, 1953, when he sent Under Secretary Smith a recommendation on the freedom of reading in [United States Information Service](/organizations/united-states-information-agency/) libraries.[^9][^12] The eighth meeting, on January 10, 1952 in the Pentagon, was chaired by Smith, with Deputy Secretary of Defense William C. Foster and Under Secretary of State Webb as members and Barrett, Brig. Gen. John Magruder and Brig. Gen. Jesmond D. Balmer of the [Joint Chiefs of Staff](/organizations/joint-chiefs-of-staff/) as other participants. The minutes record Webb's proposal that State Department staff lead the drafting of the Japan plan and Foster's reply that the Board should keep the responsibility for preparing it. They also record Foster's report that Defense had no objection to the transfer of $4.3 million of Mutual Security Agency funds for the escapee program, and Smith's remark that the language of the Kersten Amendment was "pretty elastic."[^13] Gray planned a Special Assistant to handle the Board's relations with congressmen and private agencies, as recorded at the Board's second meeting on August 13, 1951.[^14] The same meeting recorded that Gray's staff would be briefed through the members' alternates, and listed Charles E. Johnson as Acting Executive Secretary.[^14] On June 21, 1952 President Truman sent a letter to the Chairman of the Board on the Board's organization; a Bureau of the Budget memorandum on the Board was dated April 21, 1952, and [Frank Wisner](/people/frank-wisner/) circulated both within the Office of Policy Coordination on July 1, 1952.[^15] A report on the Board's background by "Dr. Lilly" was transmitted to Wisner, the Deputy Director (Plans), on March 13, 1952 as a text not approved by the Board.[^16] On March 17, 1952 Wisner replied that Dr. Lilly "first called upon me pursuant to a request of Mr. Gray who was then Director of the PSB, which request was reported to and sanctioned by General Smith," that Lilly had drawn heavily on discussions with Wisner for many passages after page 110 of the report, and recommended that the report be "very closely held."[^17] Edward P. Lilly, Ph.D., was Historian and Advisor to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on Psychological Warfare from 1946 to 1952 and a member of the Board's Office of Plans in 1952. In a 1988 interview for the Harry S. Truman Library he was questioned on his history of the Board and its background section, and said that he joined the Board about two months after Gray's staff began to assemble.[^18] A Top Secret study in CIA files, "The Development of American Psychological Operations 1945-1951" by Edward P. Lilly, Ph.D., dated December 19, 1951 and running to 95 pages, thanks the Staff of the Board "for the many courtesies extended to him," and the Board's central files include a folder labeled "PSB X - 201 LILLY, EDWARD P."[^19][^20] The CIA copies of the March 1952 memoranda identify the author only as Dr. Lilly; records found do not state in terms that the report they describe is Edward P. Lilly's. ### Procedure and the master plan At its second meeting, on August 13, 1951, the Board agreed that the Director would decide whether a problem lay within the Board's competence. The meeting took up the Director's list of problems (PSB D-2), which Lovett called "an encyclopedic approach." The members agreed that three problems should be studied first, to establish what the agencies were already doing. The Board also agreed that "an over-all psychological strategy plan should be developed so that all activity in the Government is in consonance with it."[^14] Smith's master-plan concern remained the Board's central question. At the Board's meeting of October 9, 1952 the Director of Central Intelligence handed to Under Secretary of State David K. Bruce a memorandum recommending that "The responsibility for guiding policy, for approving projects, and for assessing the results of all covert cold war operations be placed upon" the Board. Robert P. Joyce of the Policy Planning Staff reported the recommendation to Bruce on October 15, 1952. Smith's proposal was discussed on October 10, 1952 at a meeting in Wisner's office attended by Wisner, Kirk, General Magruder, [Tracy Barnes](/people/tracy-barnes/) and Joyce.[^21] ### NSC 10/5 and the Packet NSC 10/5, "Scope and Pace of Covert Operations," approved by the National Security Council on October 23, 1951, directed the Board to ensure that its strategic concept included covert operations. It made the Board responsible for "determining the desirability and feasibility of programs and of individual major projects for covert operations" formulated by or proposed to the Director of Central Intelligence, and for "establishing the scope, pace, and timing of covert operations and the allocation of priorities among these operations." Paragraph 5, citing the necessity for decision before the Board came into operation, authorized expanded guerrilla activities in China.[^22] Under that paper the Board became the approving body for the covert programs of the Office of Policy Coordination, the component of the Central Intelligence Agency that ran covert political warfare under NSC 10/2. On February 20, 1952 Allen proposed that the Board create a special panel, the "10/5 Panel," to screen covert programs. Its members would be the State, Defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff representatives who already advised the Director of Central Intelligence under NSC 10/2, a Central Intelligence Agency representative and two Board representatives, one of whom would chair.[^23] The Board approved the panel on February 27, 1952 and added two Board members to it, Barnes and Putnam.[^24] On March 20, 1952 the CIA submitted the "Packet" to the Board. It consisted of the CIA/OPC Strategic Plan, a budget analysis for fiscal 1953, programs and major projects over $50,000, and their support requirements. The documentation ran to about 300 pages and described some 100 projects.[^24] The Foreign Relations editors state that the Packet itself has not been located in the files.[^24] Barnes briefed the Board on May 7, 1952, and wrote that "the Board in our opinion need not delay its approval of much, perhaps all, of the 'Packet.'"[^24] A Board memorandum of May 1952 in CIA reading-room files, titled "Interim Approval of the 'Packet,'" directed OPC to proceed with programs and projects while the Board's review continued.[^25] The panel also wrote that, before the Board could pass on the "desirability" of a project under NSC 10/5, the panel "needs some interpretations of policy."[^24] ### Plans and the Board's output The Board's status report for the period ending June 30, 1952, PSB D-30, dated August 1, 1952, carried an annex listing the plans it had approved or was developing. The stand-by plans included a psychological operations plan for the Korean cease-fire (PSB D-7c, approved October 25, 1951), a plan for general hostilities (PSB D-8b, approved February 21, 1952 and submitted to the Council as NSC 127), and national overt propaganda guidance for a general war (PSB D-11/b, approved November 15, 1951).[^26] The plans in development included an escapee program (PSB D-18a/1, "Phase B") concerned with "the stimulation of defection." Other plans covered France (D-14/c), Italy (D-15/b) and Germany (D-21a), with Germany's objectives set out as the integration of Western Germany into Western Europe, the reduction of Soviet capabilities in Eastern Germany, and German unity. Further plans covered the Middle East (D-22), Southeast Asia (D-23), the exploitation of Stalin's passing (D-24), the "Hate America" propaganda campaign (D-25), the "Princeton Statement" of U.S. aims (D-26), Japan (D-27, to "strengthen Japan and other non-communist powers in Asia") and economic security against the Soviet orbit (D-28).[^26] Terms of reference for the Germany plan, PSB D-21/1, were approved by the Director on March 21, 1952 for Ad Hoc Task Panel "F," and forwarded to Smith over the signature of Charles E. Johnson as Executive Officer.[^27] A Board paper dated November 26, 1952, PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC 10/5," set out a heading "Breeding Suspicion and Dissension Within the Communist System." It stated that the inherent suspicion of the communist system could be increased "to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions," and that "the best chances of success would be obtained by breeding distrust among satellite personnel and between those individuals and Moscow." The paper distinguished this objective from "broad attempts to disrupt the system by a variety of means other than marking individuals for suspicion and distrust."[^28] The Board's later status reports continued the same pattern. PSB D-34, dated October 30, 1952, covered July through September 1952.[^11] PSB D-35, dated January 5, 1953, was approved by the Board at its seventeenth meeting on January 15, 1953, and its covering note was signed by the Board's secretary, Charles E. Johnson.[^29] The last status report in the record, PSB D-47 dated July 29, 1953, described the programs as of June 30, 1953 and noted the work of the President's Committee on International Information Activities.[^30] ### Escapees and defectors PSB D-18/a, the "Psychological Operations Plan for Soviet Orbit Escapees, Phase A," was approved by the Board at its sixth meeting on December 20, 1951 under the code name Engross. A panel had been established on November 2, 1951 with representatives of the State Department, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the NATO Standing Group, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the three military departments, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Mutual Security Agency and the Bureau of the Budget. The paper divided the problem in two: the care and resettlement of current escapees, and a second study of policies "envisaging the inducement of additional escapees." It referred to the hundred million dollars authorized from Mutual Security funds under the Kersten Amendment to the Mutual Security Act of 1951, and in a footnote tied the handling of escapees to the flow of individuals qualified as sources of intelligence, as intelligence agents, and as recruits for psychological and paramilitary programs under NSC 10/2, NSC 10/5 and other papers.[^31][^32] The Phase B study was the "Escapee-Defector Study." A Wisner memorandum on its terms of reference, dated January 26, 1952 and rewritten in the Office of the Deputy Director (Plans) on February 4, 1952, referred to the panel directed at the Board's meeting of December 20, 1951 and stated that "The problem is monumental."[^33] Annex E to PSB D-30 recorded an initial authorization of $4,300,000 for the escapee program, of which an estimated $1,500,000 had been obligated in fiscal 1952, and a further $1,460,500 requested for an increase in the number of escapees requiring assistance. Under the Lodge Amendment, escapees could be recruited for military service. Of 5,194 applications, 3,916 had been rejected, 295 accepted (262 of them on active duty) and 982 were being processed.[^26] A memorandum to Allen Dulles, by then Director of Central Intelligence, dated April 10, 1953 stated: "In response to the Board's wish, I have designated Mr. Paul Comstock as the PSB staff representative to sit from time to time with the Interagency Defector Committee."[^34] The Board's central files include a folder for the Inter-Agency Defector Committee and files on escapees.[^20] ### Volunteer Freedom Corps On February 14, 1953 Eisenhower sent the National Security Council a memorandum, in the NSC 143 series, proposing a "Volunteer Freedom Corps." Its infantry battalions would be organized by nationality from behind the Iron Curtain, with arms, training and maintenance provided by the United States Army, and Eisenhower proposed recruiting "up to 250,000 men." The memorandum proposed an ad hoc committee of representatives of the State Department, the Defense Department, the Central Intelligence Agency and the Psychological Strategy Board (acting for the Special Assistant to the President for Cold War Operations), chaired by a retired general such as Lt. General Willis D. Crittenberger.[^35] In March 1953, after conferring with C. D. Jackson, the Board designated Edmond L. Taylor to represent it on the ad hoc committee set up under the Council's action.[^36] On June 29, 1953 the Board transmitted contingency guidance dated June 19, 1953 for the preparatory phase of the Corps, with the concurrence of General Crittenberger, noting that consultations with foreign governments authorized by NSC 143/2 (NSC Action 793) had begun.[^37] An editorial note records that major U.S. allies opposed the proposal and that, as a result, it "died a slow death."[^38] The Board's central files hold four folders on the Corps.[^20] ### Surviving files The Board's central files are held at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library as the Psychological Strategy Board Central Files Series of the White House Office, National Security Council Staff: Papers, 1948-61. The container list includes folders titled "PSB X - 080 CENIS (Center for International Studies)," "PSB X - 080 HUMAN RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE," "PSB 014.3 Social Science Research," "PSB 334 Advisory Group on Psychological and Unconventional Warfare," "PSB 383.6 [Prisoners of War]," "PSB 452.1 [unidentified flying objects]," "PSB 470 [Armaments and American Policy; Project Candor]," "PSB 702.5 (1)(2) [brainwashing during Korean War]" and "PSB 729.2 (1)(2) [biological warfare propaganda]."[^20] The Eisenhower Library's C. D. Jackson records, 1953-54, open with a PSB-OCB series that includes folders for PSB D-33 (doctrinal warfare), D-45 (exploitation of unrest in satellite Europe) and D-39 (program for support).[^39] ### The Jackson Committee and abolition The President's Committee on International Information Activities, chaired by William H. Jackson from January 20, 1953, issued its report, the Jackson Committee report, on June 30, 1953.[^40] Gray was a member of the committee until the same date.[^9] The committee's own preference, as recorded by Howland H. Sargeant of the State Department in a July 1, 1953 paper to Under Secretary Smith, was for consolidation of foreign operating programs within an expanded Department of Foreign Affairs. In the same paper Sargeant wrote that "Abolition of the Psychological Strategy Board" "in no way conflicts with the understandings or with the specific language of the President's reorganization proposals."[^41] Executive Order 10483, signed by Eisenhower on September 2, 1953, established the Operations Coordinating Board, to be chaired by the Under Secretary of State and to include the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the director of the Foreign Operations Administration, the Director of Central Intelligence and a representative of the President.[^42] Section 4 of the order provided that "The Psychological Strategy Board shall be abolished not later than sixty days after the date of this order and its outstanding affairs shall be wound up by the Operations Coordinating Board."[^42] Eisenhower's memorandum that day to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council stated that he had signed the order "establishing the Operations Coordinating Board and abolishing the Psychological Strategy Board." A supplementary directive assigned the Operations Coordinating Board the Board's functions under paragraphs 2 and 3 of NSC 10/5 "insofar as those functions relate to major programs."[^43] The Operations Coordinating Board held its first meeting on September 17, 1953 with Smith in the chair. C. D. Jackson was designated its Acting Executive Officer and Morgan his Acting Deputy. The Board authorized the Acting Executive Officer to use the PSB staff and resources for Operations Coordinating Board work until other arrangements were made.[^44] [^1]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, Document 16, Directive by the President to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence, April 4, 1951, pp. 58-60. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d16 [^2]: Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1951, pp. 341-342, as cited in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 60 (editorial note). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60 [^3]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 60, editorial note, citing Webb to the Director, Bureau of the Budget, March 15, 1951 (National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1950-54, 100.4 PSB/4-451); Gray's presidency of the University of North Carolina and service as Secretary of the Army are stated in the footnote to the directive, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, Document 16. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60 [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 62, Memorandum from the Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Nitze) to the Under Secretary of State (Webb), April 9, 1951, discussing the Barrett memorandum of March 29, 1951 (see footnote 3 of the document). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62 [^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, letter from Gordon Gray, Director, Psychological Strategy Board, to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0 [^6]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0 [^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 81, Memorandum from the Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Nitze) to the Under Secretary of State (Webb), August 3, 1951, "Drafted by Charles Burton Marshall, member of the Policy Planning Staff." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d81 [^8]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 78, Minutes of a Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-1), July 2, 1951. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d78 [^9]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, list of persons (Allen, Director of the Psychological Strategy Board from January to August 1952; Gray, Director 1951 to 1952 and member of the President's Committee on International Information Activities from January 20, 1953 to June 30, 1953; Morgan, Acting Director 1951 to 1952). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/persons [^10]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. II, Part 2, list of persons (Allen, January to August 1952; Gray, until January 1952; Kirk, Director 1952-1953). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p2/persons [^11]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 133, Report by the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB D-34), October 30, 1952, with transmittal memorandum of November 3, 1952 from Director Alan G. Kirk to the NSC Executive Secretary. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d133 [^12]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. II, Part 2, Document 343, Memorandum by the Acting Director of the Psychological Strategy Board (Morgan) to the Under Secretary of State (Smith), "PSB Recommendation on Policy for USIS Libraries," July 6, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p2/d343 [^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes, Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8a), January 10, 1952, 2:00 p.m., Room 3E928, Pentagon. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6 [^14]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 82, Minutes of a Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-2), August 13, 1951. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d82 [^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from Frank G. Wisner to the Chief, Psychological Division, Office of Policy Coordination, "Organization of the Psychological Strategy Board," July 1, 1952 (TS 63781), attaching the President's letter of June 21, 1952 to the Chairman of the Board and a Bureau of the Budget memorandum of April 21, 1952. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300140006-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300140006-9 [^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from the Psychological Strategy Board to Frank G. Wisner, March 13, 1952, "Dr. Lilly's Report on the Background of the Psychological Strategy Board" ("It is not, repeat not, approved"). CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180027-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180027-2 [^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from Frank G. Wisner to the Special Assistant to the Director, Psychological Strategy Board, March 17, 1952 (TS 63276). CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180026-3. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180026-3 [^18]: Harry S. Truman Library, Oral History Interview with Edward P. Lilly, September 20, 1988, by Neil M. Johnson (Special Assistant to the Director of the Office of War Information, 1944-1945; Historian and Advisor to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on Psychological Warfare, 1946-1952; Member, Office of Plans, Psychological Strategy Board, 1952), pp. 12-13. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/lillye [^19]: Edward P. Lilly, "The Development of American Psychological Operations 1945-1951," December 19, 1951, preface and acknowledgment. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000900020001-9. https://archive.org/details/THEDEVELOPMENTOFAMERICANPSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS1945-1951BYEDWARDPLILLYRDP86B00269R000900020001-9 [^20]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, White House Office, National Security Council Staff: Papers, 1948-61, Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) Central Files Series, container list (Box 5, PSB X - 201 Lilly, Edward P.; Box 10, PSB 014.3 Social Science Research; Boxes 1 and 2, PSB X - 080 CENIS and Human Resources Research Institute; Box 11, PSB 080 Volunteer Freedom Corps (1)-(4); Box 22, PSB 334 Advisory Group on Psychological and Unconventional Warfare and Inter-Agency Defector Cmte.; Box 26, PSB 383.6 Prisoners of War; Box 27, PSB 383.7 Escapees (1)-(7); Box 28, PSB 452.1 unidentified flying objects; Box 29, PSB 470, 702.5 and 729.2). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/who-nsc/psb-central-files-series.pdf [^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 129, Memorandum from Robert P. Joyce of the Policy Planning Staff to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), October 15, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d129 [^22]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 90, Note from the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay), enclosing NSC 10/5, "Scope and Pace of Covert Operations," October 23, 1951. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d90 [^23]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 104, Memorandum from the Director of the Psychological Strategy Board (Allen) to Board Members, "Procedure for Handling 10/5 Matters in PSB," February 20, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d104 [^24]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 108, Briefing Paper Prepared by the Chairman of the 10/5 Panel (Barnes), May 7, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d108 [^25]: Central Intelligence Agency reading room, "Interim Approval of the 'Packet' (Submitted to the Psychological Strategy Board by the Director of Central Intelligence)," May 1952, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500140027-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500140027-9 [^26]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 127, Memorandum from the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay) to the National Security Council, August 19, 1952 (NSC 135), Enclosure 2, Annex E to PSB D-30, "Planning Activities of the Psychological Strategy Board Through June 30, 1952," August 1, 1952. The PSB D-30 report itself, "Status Report on the National Psychological Effort and First Progress Report of the Psychological Strategy Board," is printed as Document 125. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d127 [^27]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from the Psychological Strategy Board to General Walter Bedell Smith, "Terms of Reference for the Psychological Strategy Plan Prescribing Specific Courses of Action with Respect to Germany," transmitting PSB D-21/1 dated March 21, 1952. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003200030017-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003200030017-0 [^28]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 139, Paper Prepared by the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB D-31), November 26, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d139 [^29]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 143, Report by the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB D-35), January 5, 1953, with covering note approved at the Board's seventeenth meeting and signed by Charles E. Johnson. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d143 [^30]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 153, Report by the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB D-47), July 29, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d153 [^31]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. VIII, Document 63, Paper Prepared by the Psychological Strategy Board Panel on the Escapee Program (PSB D-18/a), December 20, 1951, footnote 1 (approved at the sixth meeting, December 20; code name Engross). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v08/d63 [^32]: Central Intelligence Agency, Psychological Strategy Board, "Psychological Operations Plan for Soviet Orbit Escapees, Phase A," PSB D-18/a, December 20, 1951, sections I and II and footnote 2. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000200050044-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01065a000200050044-3 [^33]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from Frank G. Wisner to the Director, Psychological Strategy Board, "Terms of Reference for Phase B, Escapee-Defector Study, by the Psychological Strategy Board," January 26, 1952, rewritten February 4, 1952. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300180029-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300180029-0 [^34]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from the Psychological Strategy Board to Allen W. Dulles, "PSB Representative on the Interagency Defector Committee," April 10, 1953. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300190018-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300190018-1 [^35]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. VIII, Document 70, Memorandum by the President to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay), "Proposal for a Volunteer Freedom Corps," February 14, 1953 (NSC 143 series). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v08/d70 [^36]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum from the Psychological Strategy Board to James S. Lay, Jr., "Proposal for a Volunteer Freedom Corps (NSC 143)," March 1953, referring to Lay's memorandum of February 26, 1953. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300190039-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300190039-8 [^37]: Central Intelligence Agency, Psychological Strategy Board transmittal of June 29, 1953, "Contingency Guidance During Preparatory Phase of the Volunteer Freedom Corps, dated June 19, 1953." CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300190021-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300190021-7 [^38]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 148, editorial note. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d148 [^39]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid, C. D. Jackson: Records, 1953-54, Series I, PSB-OCB Series, Box 1. https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-records.pdf [^40]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 151, editorial note on the Report of the President's Committee on International Information Activities (the Jackson Committee report), June 30, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d151 [^41]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. II, Part 2, Document 371, Memorandum by Howland H. Sargeant to the Under Secretary of State (Smith), July 1, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p2/d371 [^42]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 157, White House press release, Executive Order 10483, "Establishing the Operations Coordinating Board," September 2, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d157 [^43]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 158, Memorandum from President Eisenhower to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay), Denver, September 2, 1953, with the supplementary directive on the additional functions of the Operations Coordinating Board. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d158 [^44]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 160, Minutes of the First Meeting of the Operations Coordinating Board, September 17, 1953. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d160 --- *The Info Web has an MCP server for agents at https://theinfoweb.org/mcp (streamable HTTP, no auth): search by meaning, exact text, source or date, and follow typed, footnoted connections. 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