--- aliases: - James D. Theberge - James Daniel Theberge - James Theberge - James E. Theberge - Ambassador Theberge category: Intelligence & Government created: 2026-10-08 relations: - end: 1977-06 fn: 3 reverse: true role: Ambassador to Nicaragua, nomination announced May 30, 1975 start: 1975-05 type: appointed with: '[[Gerald R. Ford]]' - end: 1977-06 fn: 1 role: Ambassador to Nicaragua start: 1975-07 type: employed_by with: '[[State Department]]' - end: 1985-08 fn: 2 reverse: true role: Ambassador to Chile, nomination announced November 6, 1981 start: 1981-11 type: appointed with: '[[Ronald Reagan]]' - end: 1985-08 fn: 1 role: Ambassador to Chile start: 1982-03 type: employed_by with: '[[State Department]]' - end: 1982-03 fn: 2 role: Special adviser on inter-American affairs start: 1981 type: employed_by with: '[[Department of Defense]]' - end: 1975 fn: 2 role: Director of Latin American studies, Georgetown University start: 1970 type: employed_by with: '[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]' - end: 1979 fn: 2 role: President start: 1977 type: head_of with: '[[Institute for Conflict and Policy Studies]]' - end: 1981 fn: 2 role: Senior development adviser, New York start: 1979 type: employed_by with: '[[Planning Research Corporation]]' - end: 1988-01 fn: 28 role: Part-time (three days per week) member of the Senior Review Panel start: 1986-01 type: employed_by with: '[[Central Intelligence Agency]]' - end: 1988-01 fn: 28 role: Member start: 1986-01 type: member_of with: '[[Senior Review Panel]]' - fn: 28 reverse: true role: Recruited to the Senior Review Panel; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence finding that Casey was most instrumental start: 1985-12 type: appointed with: '[[William J. Casey]]' - fn: 28 role: Consultant; disclosed in his December 1985 personal history statement and held during much of his Senior Review Panel service start: 1985-12 type: contractor_to with: '[[Swissco Management Group]]' - fn: 29 role: Appointed member, announced August 13, 1986 start: 1986-08 type: member_of with: '[[United States International Narcotics Control Commission]]' summary: American diplomat, ambassador to Nicaragua from 1975 to 1977 and to Chile from 1982 to 1985, who sat on the CIA Senior Review Panel from 1986 until his death in January 1988. tags: - Person - Diplomat - Ambassador - Nicaragua - Chile - SeniorReviewPanel - Swissco - Cardoen - CIA - Georgetown - Pinochet - Somoza updated: 2026-10-08 --- James Daniel Theberge (December 28, 1930 to January 20, 1988) was an American diplomat and academic who was ambassador to [Nicaragua](/places/nicaragua/) from 1975 to 1977 and to [Chile](/places/chile/) from 1982 to 1985. From 1970 to 1975 he directed Latin American studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies at Georgetown University, and from January 1986 until his death he was a member of the [Central Intelligence Agency](/organizations/central-intelligence-agency/)'s Senior Review Panel.[^1] ### Early career and Georgetown Theberge's birthplace is given three ways in the record. The 1981 White House announcement gives December 28, 1930, in Oceanside, New York, the 1975 announcement gives New York, New York, and the Georgetown finding aid gives Oceanside, Long Island, "circa 1931."[^2][^3][^4] The [New York Times](/organizations/new-york-times/) obituary gives Oceanside, Long Island.[^5] He received a bachelor's degree from Columbia University in 1952.[^2] He served as a first lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps from 1952 to 1954.[^2] He was an economic adviser in Buenos Aires from 1961 to 1964, head of a lending coordination staff in 1965 and 1966, and an adviser and senior economist at the Inter-American Development Bank from 1966 to 1969.[^2] The 1975 announcement describes the 1961 to 1964 and 1965 to 1966 posts as international relations officer and program economist with the [Agency for International Development](/organizations/agency-for-international-development/) in Washington and Buenos Aires, and states that he was married to the former Griselda Fages.[^3] The 1981 announcement states that he had three children.[^2] The 1975 White House announcement of his nomination to Nicaragua adds an instructorship in economics at Oxford University from 1969 to 1970 and study at Heidelberg University in 1957 and 1958, and gives his degrees as an honorary bachelor's degree from Oxford in 1956, a master's degree from Oxford in 1960, and a master's in public administration from [Harvard University](/organizations/harvard-university/) in 1965.[^3] From 1970 to 1975 he was director of Latin American studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies at Georgetown University.[^2] The Hoover chronology, the Georgetown finding aid and the New York Times obituary describe the post as director of the Latin American and Hispanic Studies Center at Georgetown University.[^4][^5][^6] The Hoover chronology lists two books from that period, *Stability in the Caribbean* (1973) and *Russia in the Caribbean* (1975), and a 1963 work on capitalism in the twentieth century.[^6] *The Soviet Presence in Latin America* (New York: Crane, Russak, 1974, 107 pages) was published for the National Strategy Information Center, whose president, Frank R. Barnett, wrote in the June 1974 preface that Theberge had been a Littauer Fellow at Harvard in 1964 and 1965, a special adviser to the Secretary of the Treasury in 1966 and a Federal German Republic fellow at Heidelberg in 1957 and 1958, and that he was a contributing editor to *Soviet Seapower in the Caribbean: Political and Strategic Implications* and a contributing author to *The Stability of the Caribbean*.[^7] In January 1972 a CIA assessment of Cuban and Soviet diplomacy toward Chile cited him as one of the experts from the Georgetown center on the subject.[^8] ### Ambassador to Nicaragua On May 30, 1975 President [Gerald Ford](/people/gerald-r-ford/) announced that he would nominate Theberge to succeed Turner B. Shelton in [Managua](/places/managua/), with Shelton resigning from the Foreign Service.[^3] The [State Department](/organizations/state-department/) gives an appointment date of July 11, 1975, presentation of credentials on August 11, 1975, and departure from post on June 8, 1977.[^1] An undated memorandum from [Brent Scowcroft](/people/brent-scowcroft/) to Vice President [Nelson Rockefeller](/people/nelson-rockefeller/), prepared for a call on [Anastasio Somoza](/people/anastasio-somoza/) on April 20, 1976, identifies the ambassador as "James D. Theberge, who, as you know, was responsible for the Latin American section in the Critical Choices Study."[^9] In an August 12, 1976 telegram titled "Ambassador Discusses Human Rights Situation with President Somoza," Theberge reported a lunch alone with Somoza on August 10 at Somoza's request. He wrote that Somoza did not "seem to fully grasp the importance of creating the friendly American public opinion so essential to our good relations," and, in a further passage, that Somoza "is not being completely frank with us."[^10] A September 20, 1976 telegram from the embassy reports a September 18 meeting in Managua between Assistant Secretary [Harry Shlaudeman](/people/harry-shlaudeman/) and Somoza. Somoza expressed concern about reports that State Department officers in Washington and at the embassy were hostile to him.[^11] On January 25, 1977, the day after Theberge met Somoza, he sent Cyrus Vance an account of explaining to Somoza the concern of President [Jimmy Carter](/people/jimmy-carter/) for human rights. In the telegram's summary, Somoza "doubted that governments would bend to public criticism or when strong self-interest was at stake," and he reaffirmed friendship for the United States and the new administration.[^12] On March 3, 1977 Theberge reported a meeting of March 2 at which he voiced his concern over new charges by American Capuchin priests of alleged [Nicaraguan National Guard](/organizations/nicaraguan-national-guard/) massacres of 86 campesinos in two incidents northeast of Matagalpa. Somoza categorically denied the accusations and claimed that false information was being given to the Capuchins as part of an [FSLN](/organizations/sandinistas/) and Communist effort to discredit the government, and he admitted that innocent bystanders, including women and children, sometimes had been killed in crossfire between the National Guard and FSLN guerrillas, especially in early 1976. The same telegram notes that the government planned a reply to a New York Times article of March 2 on the Catholic Church's allegations.[^13] ### Between posts, 1977 to 1981 After leaving Managua, Theberge was president of the Institute for Conflict and Policy Studies in Washington from 1977 to 1979, and senior development adviser of Planning Research Corporation in New York from 1979 to 1981.[^3] Since 1981 he was a special adviser on inter-American affairs in the [United States Department of Defense](/organizations/department-of-defense/).[^2] On April 15, 1981 Theberge wrote to [Edwin Meese](/people/edwin-meese/), then counselor to the President, to express concern over a campaign to erode support for the administration's policy toward El Salvador. He wrote that he had served as ambassador to Nicaragua in the mid-1970s, that he had served on "Governor Reagan's Foreign Policy Advisory Council," and that he had "campaigned actively for the Reagan-Bush ticket last Fall."[^14] ### Ambassador to Chile On November 6, 1981 President [Ronald Reagan](/people/ronald-reagan/) announced the nomination of Theberge to succeed [George W. Landau](/people/george-landau/) as ambassador to Chile.[^2] The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations reported the nomination on February 9, 1982, with printed Executive Report 97-46.[^4] The State Department gives an appointment date of March 2, 1982, presentation of credentials on March 8, 1982, and departure from post on August 2, 1985.[^1] Before his arrival, the Intelligence Community Staff weekly report for November 30 to December 4, 1981 records a focus seminar on reporting from Chile, with ambassador-designate Theberge present.[^15] The "Meetings with Americans" files of [Donald P. Gregg](/people/donald-gregg/) in the vice president's national security office list him on January 26, 1982 as ambassador-designate to Chile, on January 12, 1983 as ambassador, and on October 4, 1983 under the spelling "James E. Theberge".[^16] A 1983 edition of Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts lists the embassy in [Santiago](/places/santiago/) under Theberge as ambassador, with Wade H. Matthews as deputy chief of mission and Michael L. Durkee as political officer.[^17] The Hoover Institution holds the James Daniel Theberge papers (collection 88016, 1964 to 1987). Its digital collection lists fifteen items, among them a letter to N. Shaw Smith dated December 28, 1982, a memorandum from Tom Enders on the post's classification dated December 3, 1982, a letter to John F. Lehman dated February 24, 1983, a telegram titled "administration of justice: country assessment: Chile" dated January 30, 1985, a letter to Admiral James D. Watkins dated February 12, 1985, four telegrams dated February 22, 1985 on meetings held by Assistant Secretary Langhorne Motley with leaders of the Vicariate of Solidarity, independent conservatives, the Multigremial and Archbishop Fresno, a memorandum on Chilean requests for bilateral debt rescheduling dated April 5, 1985, and a cable on the Inter-American Foundation dated August 2, 1985, the day he left post. The items are digitized declassified government records which the Hoover Institution states may be viewed only on site in its reading room.[^18] In December 1984 Theberge was present when Representative Bill Richardson and two other members of the House Hispanic Caucus met [Augusto Pinochet](/people/augusto-pinochet/) for over an hour on a Thursday, the meeting being reported in the New York Times of December 16. Richardson described the meeting as "brutally frank and heated"; Theberge said in a telephone interview that the meeting, conducted in Spanish, was one of the most substantive exchanges between American officials and Pinochet in several years.[^19] The Reagan Library's Counsel to the President appointee files include a folder "James Theberge, Ambassador-Chile" (CFOA 0948) beside one for Barnes.[^20] A Central Intelligence Agency talking-points memorandum dated January 23, 1985 was prepared for a January 28, 1985 meeting at 1100 hours between the Director of Central Intelligence and Theberge. It states, "We understand this is primarily a personal visit," and lists as a point Theberge might raise the continuation in office of Pinochet, with a ninety-day state of siege "declared 6 November 1984" to assist the military government in combating a wave of terrorist incidents.[^21] The New York Times of December 16, 1984 likewise gives the state of siege as imposed on November 6.[^19] An [Associated Press](/organizations/associated-press/) dispatch of January 1985 by George Gedda gives it as "Nov. 4."[^22] The same dispatch, citing unnamed officials, reports that President Reagan planned to replace Theberge, "a political appointee," with Harry Barnes, then ambassador to India and a career diplomat.[^22] In January 1986 the New York Times reported that Barnes, who arrived in November 1985, had been holding frequent meetings with political and human rights officials, and that embassy officials denied any substantial change in policy when he replaced Theberge, "a political appointee."[^23] A visitor record for November 1984 lists an appointment at 10:45 with the director at headquarters, with Chile and [Dewey Clarridge](/people/dewey-clarridge/) noted as present.[^24] Theberge left Santiago on August 2, 1985. A CIA routing sheet of August 12, 1985 confirms an appointment for him with the director at 1100 hours on August 14, 1985 as "a courtesy call," stating that he "will be unaccompanied" and "has completed his tour in Chile and has no particular items to discuss."[^25] A memorandum of August 19, 1985 from the director of central intelligence, [William J. Casey](/people/william-j-casey/), to the Vice Chairman of the National Intelligence Council, titled "Soviet Game Plan," states: "You will get in touch with Theberge, talk about the project generally, see what he has to contribute and perhaps have him do some work on the Latin America phase of it."[^26] A visitor record for September 23, 1985 at CIA headquarters logs "Ambassador Theberge" calling on the director of central intelligence.[^27] In December 1985 he submitted his personal history statement to the CIA.[^28] ### Senior Review Panel The [Senate Select Committee on Intelligence](/organizations/senate-select-committee-on-intelligence/), in its October 24, 1991 report on the nomination of [Robert Gates](/people/robert-gates/) as director of central intelligence, reported on information it had obtained that from January 1986 to January 1988 the CIA employed Theberge as a member of its Senior Review Panel. The committee described the panel as consisting of "experienced, highly regarded former intelligence, military and foreign affairs specialists."[^28] The report states that the officials involved in his recruitment and selection included William J. Casey, Deputy Director [John McMahon](/people/john-mcmahon/) and Executive Director James Taylor, and that "There is no evidence that the nominee, Mr. Gates, participated in either his recruitment or selection."[^28] The report says that Theberge had been consulting for [Swissco Management Group](/organizations/swissco-management-group/), and that in his personal history statement, submitted to the CIA in December 1985, Theberge "freely disclosed his consulting work for SWISSCO, and the fact that SWISSCO's parent company was Cardoen Industries." It says he was hired "on a three-days-per-week basis" notwithstanding those disclosures.[^28] The report also states that "Director Casey was the CIA official most instrumental in recruiting Mr. Theberge."[^28] The committee found "no evidence that the CIA identified or acted upon Mr. Theberge's potential conflict of interest," and wrote that it was "continuing to develop information about this matter."[^28] Gates answered written questions from the committee by stating that he was "unaware of his [Theberge's] relationships, his connection to the SWISSCO Management Group, or any connection to the Carlos Cardoen Group."[^28] On August 13, 1986 President Reagan announced the appointment of three members of the United States International Narcotics Control Commission, among them Theberge, whom the announcement describes as "currently an international management consultant in Washington, DC."[^29] Theberge's name appears on the signature blocks of Senior Review Panel memoranda to the director and deputy director of central intelligence from the second half of 1987. The panel's comments of September 1, 1987 (NIC-03024-87) on the concept paper and terms of reference for NIE 11-15-88, Soviet maritime strategy, carry the names of William Leonhart, B. McPherson, Theberge and Richard L. Walker. Comments of September 8, 1987 (NIC-03595-87) on an interagency intelligence memorandum on dollar costing of foreign defense activities carry the names of Leonhart and Theberge. Comments of September 24, 1987 on Philippine prospects carry Leonhart, McPherson, Theberge and Walker. Comments of October 22, 1987 (NIC-04228-87) on the concept paper for NIE 14.2-87, North Korea: prospects for the succession, carry Leonhart, McPherson, Courtland D. Perkins and Theberge; the National Intelligence Officer for East Asia, Carl W. Ford Jr., forwarded the paper to the director on October 27, 1987 and wrote that the panel "did not have any substantive disagreements" with it. Comments of December 1, 1987 (NIC-04234-87) on draft NIE 97-87, Peru under Garcia, carry Leonhart, McPherson and Theberge.[^30] A weekly report of the CIA with a reading-room date of March 3, 1986 records that "SA/NIO/CT met with former US Ambassador to Chile James D. Theberge to discuss terrorism in that country and elsewhere in Latin America."[^31] ### Swissco Management Group The Senate report describes Theberge, during much of the period he served on the Senior Review Panel, as "employed as a consultant to SWISSCO Management Group, a subsidiary of [Cardoen Industries](/organizations/industrias-cardoen/) of Chile, a widely recognized international arms manufacturing and trading company."[^28] The report states that "Between 1984 and 1988, Cardoen Industries was of significant intelligence interest to CIA, which believed Cardoen was the primary supplier of cluster bombs to the Iraqi government."[^28] The report also states that "The Committee found no evidence that Mr. Theberge wittingly or unwittingly provided intelligence information to Carlos Cardoen or any other unauthorized person."[^28] On May 26, 1993 a federal grand jury in the Southern District of Florida returned a twenty-one count indictment against eight defendants, among them [Carlos Cardoen](/people/carlos-cardoen/), Industrias Cardoen and Swissco Management Group, Inc., on charges arising from exports of zirconium and fuze components to Chile.[^32] A Florida Division of Corporations record for document number H19133 shows a Florida profit corporation filed August 31, 1984 as Swissco Investing, Inc.; a name change amendment of October 3, 1984 to Swissco Management Group, Inc.; and a name change amendment of October 5, 1990 to Westfield Holdings, Inc., followed by administrative dissolution for failure to file an annual report on October 11, 1991. The record gives a Miami Lakes principal address (changed July 1, 1985), a Brickell Avenue registered agent, the attorney Abbey Kaplan (address changed August 18, 1986), annual reports for 1988, 1989 and 1990, and two officers, [Augusto Giangrandi](/people/augusto-giangrandi/) as president and Jorge Ondarza as vice-secretary.[^33] Giangrandi is also listed in the Florida registry as an officer, with Anthony Mijares Jr., of Swissco Leasing, Inc. and Swissco Yachting, Inc., at the same Miami Lakes address.[^34] The Commerce Department order of September 11, 1995 names the convicted company Swissco Management Group, Inc. at 15485 Eagle Nest Lane, #210, Miami Lakes, the address the registry gives for the corporation from July 1, 1985. It states that the company was convicted on August 7, 1995 of exporting zirconium from the United States to Chile in violation of the terms of a Commerce export license.[^35] The registry records do not name Cardoen or Theberge. ### Death The New York Times obituary of January 24, 1988 states that he "died of a heart attack Wednesday on a visit to Jamaica," that he was 57 and that he had lived in Washington; its headline gives his age as 56.[^5] The Hoover finding aid gives January 20, 1988 as the date of his death, at Montego Bay, [Jamaica](/places/jamaica/), and cites Contemporary Authors as its source.[^6] The Georgetown finding aid states: "He died of a heart attack on a visit to Jamaica in January, 1988. He was 57 years old."[^4] The Senate report states that he "served on the Senior Review Panel until his death in January 1988."[^28] The Hoover Institution acquired his papers in 1988.[^6] [^1]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "James Daniel Theberge (1930-1988)," Department History, People, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/theberge-james-daniel. Appointment, credential and termination dates for Nicaragua and Chile. [^2]: "Nomination of James Daniel Theberge To Be United States Ambassador to Chile," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 6, 1981, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/11681a. Born December 28, 1930 in Oceanside, N.Y.; Marine Corps, Buenos Aires, Inter-American Development Bank, CSIS, Ambassador to Nicaragua 1975-77, Institute for Conflict and Policy Studies 1977-79, Planning Research Corp. 1979-81, special adviser at the Department of Defense since 1981. [^3]: "Nomination of James D. Theberge To Be Ambassador to Nicaragua," White House press release, May 30, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0248/whpr19750530-004.pdf. Gives birth in New York, New York, and the Oxford and Harvard degrees and Heidelberg study. Sole source for the Oxford instructorship and Heidelberg years, which the 1981 announcement does not repeat. [^4]: Georgetown University Library, "James Theberge Papers," Archival Resources, finding aid for collection 10585, https://findingaids.library.georgetown.edu/repositories/15/resources/10585. Born "in Oceanside, Long Island, New York circa 1931"; died "of a heart attack on a visit to Jamaica in January, 1988. He was 57 years old." [^5]: "James D. Theberge; Former Ambassador, 56," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1988, section 1, page 34, https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/obituaries/james-d-theberge-former-ambassador-56.html. [^6]: Hoover Institution Library and Archives, "James Daniel Theberge papers, 1963-1988," Online Archive of California, collection 88016, biographical chronology, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2k400284. Chronology cites Contemporary Authors Online (Gale, 2000) and records the death at Montego Bay, Jamaica, on January 20, 1988. [^7]: James D. Theberge, *The Soviet Presence in Latin America* (New York: Crane, Russak, for the National Strategy Information Center, 1974), preface by Frank R. Barnett, June 1974, pp. vii-viii, https://archive.org/details/sovietpresencein0000theb_k0j9. [^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Caribbean and Latin American propaganda perspectives," January 1972, CREST document CIA-RDP79-01194A000200220001-0, reading room copy at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01194a000200220001-0. Names Theberge as an expert of the Georgetown University Center for Strategic and International Studies on Cuban and Soviet interest in Chile. [^9]: Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to Vice President Rockefeller, undated, "Call on Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza, Tuesday, April 20, 1976," *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. E-11, part 1, doc. 263, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p1/d263. [^10]: Telegram 3798, Embassy in Nicaragua to Department of State, Managua, August 12, 1976, *FRUS 1969-1976*, vol. E-11, part 1, doc. 266, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p1/d266. Summary by Theberge. [^11]: Telegram 4395, Embassy in Nicaragua to Department of State, Managua, September 20, 1976, *FRUS 1969-1976*, vol. E-11, part 1, doc. 268, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p1/d268. [^12]: Telegram 377, Theberge to Secretary Vance, Managua, January 25, 1977, *FRUS 1977-1980*, vol. XV, doc. 59, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v15/d59. [^13]: Telegram 1032, Embassy in Nicaragua to Department of State, Managua, March 3, 1977, *FRUS 1977-1980*, vol. XV, doc. 60, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v15/d60. The footnote to the same document records a February 18, 1977 meeting between Somoza and Theberge on the bishops' pastoral letter (telegram 836). [^14]: Letter from James D. Theberge to Edwin Meese III, April 15, 1981, CREST document CIA-RDP88B00443R001003880107-7, reading room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88b00443r001003880107-7. Quotations as they appear in the released copy. [^15]: Intelligence Community Staff, weekly report, November 30 to December 4, 1981, CREST document CIA-RDP83M00914R002800140120-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r002800140120-8. [^16]: U.S. Vice Presidential records, Donald P. Gregg Meetings with Americans files, container list entries 63002 (January 26, 1982), 19773-068 (January 12, 1983) and 19773-108 (October 4, 1983), National Archives identifiers 509331175, 509327433 and 509327518; Bush Presidential Library, FOIA 2004-0732-F, https://www.bush41library.gov/digital-research-room/finding-aid/records-chile-bush-vice-presidential-records. [^17]: *Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts*, Washington, 1976 edition, Managua entry, https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1976wash_0; 1983 edition, Santiago entry, https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1983wash_1. Managua 1976 lists "AMB: James D. Theberge." Santiago 1983 lists "AMB: James D. Theberge," with DCM Wade H. Matthews and POL Michael L. Durkee. [^18]: Hoover Institution, "James Daniel Theberge papers," digital collections search for "Theberge," https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/search/Theberge. Fifteen items, records 88016.1 to 88016.14 as listed. Item pages state that the items were digitized and declassified by the US government and may be viewed only on site (Hoover ID 88016.6, https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/66156). [^19]: Lydia Chavez, "Congressman Reports Tough Talk From Pinochet," *The New York Times*, December 16, 1984, section 1, page 20, https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/world/congressman-reports-tough-talk-from-pinochet.html. States that the state of siege was "imposed on Nov. 6" and that the meeting with Pinochet was held "on Thursday." [^20]: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Textual Collections topic guide, Chile, entries "Counsel to the President, Office of the: Appointee Files, CFOA 0886 Harry George Barnes, Jr., Ambassador-Republic of Chile" and "CFOA 0948 James Theberge, Ambassador-Chile," https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/archives/textual/topics/chile.pdf. [^21]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Talking points for 28 January 1985 meeting with James D. Theberge, United States Ambassador to Chile," memorandum dated January 23, 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP87M00539R000801050046-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp87m00539r000801050046-5. [^22]: George Gedda, Associated Press, "Pinochet fears CIA coup, officials say," January 1985 (reading-room metadata date January 9, 1985), CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302230009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302230009-6. Attributed to unnamed officials. The state of siege date is given as "Nov. 4" in this dispatch and as "6 November 1984" in the talking points at footnote 17. [^23]: Lydia Chavez, "New Ambassador Gives Impetus to U.S. Push for Change in Chile," *The New York Times*, January 27, 1986, section A, page 6, https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/27/world/new-ambassador-gives-impetus-to-us-push-for-change-in-chile.html. [^24]: Central Intelligence Agency, "American Ambassadors" visitor log, November 1984 (1045), CREST document CIA-RDP93-00415R000100040012-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp93-00415r000100040012-4. [^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "DCI 14 August 1985 Meeting with Mr. James D. Theberge, Former U.S. Ambassador to Chile," routing and record sheet, August 12, 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP87M00539R000801050023-0, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp87m00539r000801050023-0. [^26]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Game Plan," memorandum from the Director of Central Intelligence to the Vice Chairman, National Intelligence Council, August 19, 1985, signed William J. Casey, CREST document CIA-RDP97M00248R000500220030-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp97m00248r000500220030-9. The same file contains a second memorandum of the same date from the director to other officials on analyses titled "Soviet Gameplan and Implications" and "Talking Points on the Soviet Game Plan for SDI and the Summit." [^27]: Central Intelligence Agency, visitor record for "Theberge, James," September 23, 1985, 1645 hours, CREST document CIA-RDP93-00415R000200230005-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp93-00415r000200230005-0. [^28]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess., October 24, 1991, section 5, "Allegations Relating to CIA's Relationship with Carlos Cardoen," PDF pages 186 to 188, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf. Gates's written answers and the committee's findings are in the same section. The court in the 1995 Cardoen opinion cites this report as "102-09." [^29]: "Appointment of Three Members of the United States International Narcotics Control Commission," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, August 13, 1986, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/081386g. [^30]: CREST Senior Review Panel memoranda, Senior Review Panel to the Director and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence: CIA-RDP93T00837R000400110005-3 (NIC-03024-87, September 1, 1987, on NIE 11-15-88, signers Leonhart, B. McPherson, James D. Theberge and Richard L. Walker); CIA-RDP93T01222R000100010013-9 (NIC-03595-87, September 8, 1987, signers William Leonhart and James D. Theberge); CIA-RDP92T00306R000300090020-0 (Philippine prospects, routing slip stamped September 24, 1987, signers Leonhart, McPherson, Theberge and Walker); CIA-RDP93T00451R000300080006-5 and, as an attachment to Carl W. Ford Jr.'s memorandum of October 27, 1987, CIA-RDP93T00451R000300050001-3 (NIC-04228-87, October 22, 1987, on NIE 14.2-87, signers William Leonhart, B. McPherson, Courtland D. Perkins and James D. Theberge; the Ford memorandum states that the panel "did not have any substantive disagreements with the Concept Paper and Terms of Reference"); CIA-RDP93T00451R000400110014-1 (NIC-04234-87, December 1, 1987, on draft NIE 97-87 Peru, signers Leonhart, B. McPherson and Theberge). Reading room copies at https://archive.org/details/ with the same identifiers prefixed by cia-readingroom-document-. Signer names are read from the released copies; McPherson appears only as an initial and surname. [^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Weekly Report Highlights," reading-room date March 3, 1986, CREST document CIA-RDP88G01116R001302450005-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01116r001302450005-2. The report text refers to a meeting of February 27 and a bill with a signing deadline of March 4, 1986. [^32]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), No. 93-241-CR, decided August 29, 1995, https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json. Indictment of May 26, 1993 and list of defendants. [^33]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, Detail by Entity Name for document number H19133 (Westfield Holdings, Inc.), with the Events and Name History page, reached from the entity name search "Swissco Management Group," https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ByName. Retrieved October 8, 2026. Name history: name change amendment October 5, 1990, old name Swissco Management Group, Inc.; name change amendment October 3, 1984, old name Swissco Investing, Inc. FEI/EIN 59-2453121; effective date August 29, 1984. [^34]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, officer search "Giangrandi Augusto" (entities Westfield Holdings, Inc. H19133, Swissco Leasing, Inc. M24568, Swissco Yachting, Inc. M35237) and the detail records of the two Swissco entities, https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ByOfficerOrRegisteredAgent. Retrieved October 8, 2026. Principal address 15485 Eagle Nest Lane, Suite 210, Miami Lakes; annual reports filed 1988. [^35]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Swissco Management Group, Inc.; Order Denying Permission To Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48964-48965 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23363, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23363.pdf. --- *The Info Web has an MCP server for agents at https://theinfoweb.org/mcp (streamable HTTP, no auth): search by meaning, exact text, source or date, and follow typed, footnoted connections. Setup and the same tools over GET: https://theinfoweb.org/llms.txt*