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Ford Foundation

Michigan foundation chartered by Edsel Ford in 1936 that the CIA approached for cover funding from 1951 and that financed the Congress for Cultural Freedom both before and after its 1966 to 1967 exposure.

Also known as
The Ford Foundation, Ford Foundation of Michigan
Dates
1936
Location
New York City; chartered in Michigan
Mentioned on
31 pages
Last edited

The Ford Foundation is a philanthropic foundation chartered in Michigan in 1936 by Edsel Ford with an initial gift of 25,000 dollars.1 Ford Motor Company stock valued at 417 million dollars passed to it after the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947. By New Year's Eve 1950 the endowment stood at 492 million dollars, and its assets dwarfed those of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Rockefeller Foundation, the two largest American foundations until then.2 From April 1951 the foundation's officers were approached by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the U.S. Department of State about channeling Cold War projects through the foundation. It financed the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) from 1957 until the successor organization, the International Association for Cultural Freedom (IACF), was dissolved in March 1978.

Founding and the Gaither study

The foundation's presidents were Edsel Ford, from February 1936 to June 1943; Henry Ford II, from July 1943 to November 1950; Paul G. Hoffman, from November 1950 to March 1953; H. Rowan Gaither, from March 1953 to October 1956; Henry T. Heald, from October 1956 to December 1965; and McGeorge Bundy, from March 1966 to May 1979.3

Henry Ford II commissioned a blue-ribbon panel led by Gaither to explore the foundation's future. The panel advised that the foundation become a national and international philanthropy, and its recommendations were approved unanimously in 1950.4 The Henry Ford museum's collection of foundation papers lists a "Report of the Study for the Ford Foundation on Policy, 1949."5 Gaither had helped turn the Rand Corporation from an Air Force branch into an independent think tank and served as a RAND trustee until 1959. Henry Ford II had brought him in during 1947 to help set the foundation's priorities.6

Hoffman's first contacts with the CIA, 1951

On April 3, 1951 Hoffman and his associates met Secretary of State Dean Acheson, who assured them that his department would put its liaison machinery "into high gear" for exchanges with the foundation.7 The same day they met CIA Director Walter Bedell Smith and Allen Dulles, who was soon to be promoted to Smith's deputy as director of plans. After instructing their hosts "never to refer to [this meeting] as long as we lived," Smith and Dulles raised the agency's plans. These included the rehabilitation of defectors and the settlement of exiles from the Soviet bloc, medical and laboratory equipment for the University of Tehran, and "area centers" to study regions open to Soviet overtures.8

A memorandum dated April 2, 1951 and signed by Max Millikan as the agency's assistant director for research and reports listed projects the agency wanted the foundation to support. The list named area studies of Indonesia, Indochina, India, Pakistan and Iraq, and an analysis of the nature, validity and scope of Soviet statistics and statistical methods.9

On April 13, 1951 staff delegations from the State Department and the agency met the foundation in New York. The foundation was told that it might receive project proposals backed by both. The first projects it was asked to support "unqualified and urgent" were the Free University of Berlin, a university for Soviet bloc exiles near Strasbourg, the International Federation of War Veterans' Organizations, and a study of Soviet tactics in the Far East under the auspices of the National Committee for a Free Asia, which the agency had created.10

On April 30, 1951 Sidney Hook applied for 1,000,000 dollars over three years for the CCF.11 Joseph McDaniel, the foundation's Pasadena officer, questioned the CCF's usefulness and advised that the CIA take on full sponsorship. Robert M. Hutchins found Hook "contentious and erratic" and regarded the CCF's purpose as "mere propaganda." The Pasadena office voted against the proposal "as a matter of policy." On June 27, 1951 the foundation notified Hook that it could not comply.12 The outcome was communicated to the agency by James Burnham, who had acted as liaison between the CCF and the agency.13

The Fighting Group and the National Committee for a Free Europe

In April 1951 the foundation obtained a grant of 150,000 dollars for the Fighting Group against Inhumanity, a West Berlin anti-Communist group. Eleanor Roosevelt had pressed Hoffman to take an interest in the group, with the approval of the State Department and the CIA. Hoffman required that the money be used for humanitarian activities, namely locating arrested and missing people in the Soviet zone and aiding victims of Soviet injustice, and he stated that "we cannot contribute to subversive activities." The grant was therefore channeled through the National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE), which Langenkamp describes as a CIA proprietary set up to carry out covert refugee assistance and counterpropaganda, including the work of Radio Free Europe.14

Foundation officers later became alarmed by the group's "more aggressive action in fields and by means not entirely consistent with the purposes of the Foundation" and moved to suspend the final allotment. Bernard Gladieux, who was still acting as a liaison with the CIA, persuaded his colleagues that cancellation would "completely disrupt the present relations between the NCFE and the Fighting Group."15 In 1954 Gladieux acknowledged his continuing relationship with the CIA at a hearing of the Reece Committee.16

In 1952 Hoffman told the trustees that the foundation was not to support activities "which would destroy its effectiveness in working for peace" by appearing as a tool for combating Soviet power.17 A proposed "Free University in Exile," an NCFE project, was sidetracked by Hutchins and others on the ground that the NCFE was "a cold war propaganda organization rather than an educational institution." The NCFE's president, DeWitt C. Poole, regarded that reasoning as tenuous, given that the foundation had granted 1,309,500 dollars to the Free University of Berlin.18

By early 1954 the foundation's leadership had adopted, in the words of Don K. Price, the position that "we're just not going to mix in with these action agencies" like the CCF. A renewed request for 500,000 dollars for the CCF's publication activities, submitted by both the CCF and the CIA in March 1954, faced rejection, according to Langenkamp.19

Hoffman's departure and the Gaither years

In February 1953 Henry Ford II, a staunch supporter of Gaither, forced Hoffman to resign. At the same trustees' meeting Gaither was elected president, director and trustee.20 Langenkamp describes the two men's approaches as diverging, with Hoffman favoring international dialogue and Gaither a harder line in the Cold War.20

Richard Bissell and the staff of 1952

The Eisenhower Presidential Library's finding aid for the papers of Richard Bissell states that he joined the foundation's staff in January 1952 after leaving the Economic Cooperation Administration (later the Mutual Security Agency) and, after a brief tenure, resigned in 1954.21 Langenkamp describes Bissell as a consultant to the foundation who left in 1954 to become special assistant to Allen Dulles.22 Langenkamp also cites Burton Hersh for an account in which Bissell, as Dulles's special assistant, helped Franklin A. Lindsay on an "internal, no-holds-barred study of techniques that could be used to roll back the Communists in Europe."23 Langenkamp describes Lindsay as a CIA operative whom the foundation took on after his return from Europe, where he had helped set up the network of counter-front groups that included the CCF.23

Shepard Stone, John McCloy and the European program

John J. McCloy, the former United States High Commissioner for Germany, had been brought in as a consultant by Henry Ford II. McCloy pressed the foundation to add a full European program, and Shepard Stone, McCloy's former public affairs director at the High Commission, became its director.24 On December 31, 1951, as he left Germany, McCloy wrote to Hoffman urging the foundation to "help to carry on certain operations which the future [US] Embassy may find difficult to continue, but which are of great significance to United States objectives in Germany."25 Stone regarded the CCF as "the most effective organization in Europe working among political, intellectual, and cultural leaders."26

The foundation's 1965 annual report states that McCloy served on the board of trustees from 1953 and as its chairman from 1959, retiring on December 31, 1965, and that Julius A. Stratton, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a trustee since 1955, was elected chairman to replace him.27 By 1962, when Stone proposed a guarantee for the CCF, McCloy was chairman of the board.28

On April 29, 1953 McCloy wrote to Allen W. Dulles that he was "delighted to have a report from Shep Stone" that Dulles would participate in a study group. The group would be "undertaken at the Council on Foreign Relations under a grant of the Ford Foundation," with a full-time staff under Henry Roberts, then on leave from Columbia University. "Though the group will be entirely unofficial, its findings will be made available to our government," McCloy wrote.29

On February 25, 1954 Stone wrote to McCloy about the CCF's funding. "You know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know," he wrote.30 Stone later told the foundation's oral history project that he never held a security clearance, but that he would from time to time approach Dulles for information about Eastern Europe.31

Price's rule and the CIA arrangement, 1954 to 1962

A memorandum of May 21, 1954 by Don K. Price set the foundation's policy on government-sponsored programs. Such projects could be recommended, infrequently, if they were "worth support on their merits, regardless of any official interest," and only with the prior approval of three trustees: "the Chairman, the President, and 'Mr. McCloy.'"32 Langenkamp writes that Price and McCloy later defended the arrangement as a means of limiting the CIA's access to foundation officers and grantees.33 In McCloy's words, the foundation could not keep its "shirts clean" if it closed the door on the agency completely. Price had warned Dulles and Frank Wisner sternly: "The first time you meddle with our boys," he said, "we'll quit this whole program."33

Thomas Braden, the CIA officer in charge of its public and private relations, recalled in an interview that the agency "never used the large and genuine American foundations like the Rockefeller, Ford or Carnegie, except once in the case of the Ford Foundation." Langenkamp notes that it is not clear whether the statement is true, or for which project it would apply.34

Dulles repeatedly sought to recruit the foundation's fellows. In 1958 he invited several foundation officers to Washington for a briefing on agency operations. In the early 1960s Heald repeated the foundation's position to John A. McCone, then the CIA director, without effect.35

In February 1961 the trustees disallowed grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other sources of income. In 1962 they added that institutions receiving funds from "undisclosed United States Government sources" did not qualify.36

In 1954 the foundation appropriated 175,000 dollars for the Berlin monthly Der Monat, covering three years; its annual report states that the journal "was established in 1948 by United States Government authorities" and that "United States Government support for Der Monat ceased in 1954." The grantee was the Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Publizistik (International Publications, Inc.), the journal's publisher.37 Der Spiegel reported that John J. McCloy and Shepard Stone, formerly director of Public Affairs at the American High Commission, were among the foundation's officers friendly to the magazine, that the grant carried no conditions, and that the foundation declined a seat on the publisher's board.38 The foundation's grant lists for 1955 to 1958 continue to carry entries for International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) for support of Der Monat.39

The Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1957 to 1967

In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the expansion of the CCF's international activities, including conferences, seminars and study groups, and an outreach program for intellectuals from Poland and Hungary. Stone's International Affairs Division then extended annual support of 250,000 dollars through the end of 1962.40 Langenkamp writes that the CCF "finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant" at the same time that the cover of the agency's network of front organizations was blown.41

In 1962 Stone proposed that the foundation guarantee "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years," so that other foundations could later take over part of the burden. The proposal foundered, despite the support of McCloy.42 In 1964 Stone sought a consortium of foundations to raise "a fund of approximately $15-20 million over the next ten years." The Rockefeller entities would not raise that sum without a substantial Ford contribution, and the consortium did not form.43

An attempt to have the foundation adopt full sponsorship of the CCF also failed under Heald. Michael Josselson, the CCF's executive director, later reported that Heald "had little use for culture and equally little use for the earlier CIA involvement."44

In 1964 Wright Patman, chairman of the subcommittee on foundations of the House, held a public hearing at which he named eight of the CIA's funding instruments, the so-called "Patman Eight."45

The 1966 and 1967 disclosures and the International Association for Cultural Freedom

From April 25 to 29, 1966 the New York Times published a series of articles on the CIA's funding of private organizations. The April 27 article mentioned the CCF and its magazine Encounter.46 Arthur Schlesinger Jr. wrote to Bundy, who had succeeded Heald in March 1966, asking whether he could "illuminate or reinforce" the CCF's application. Bundy assured him that the foundation would give the CCF's needs careful consideration.47 Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, Champion Ward, judged in favor of the CCF despite reservations, and James A. Perkins, president of Cornell University, wrote that the CCF was "a gamble, but an important one."48

According to the CIA's classified history, Michael Josselson asked McGeorge Bundy and Shepard Stone in early 1966 to consider taking over the entire congress program. The New York Times articles of April 1966 gave impetus to talks between the agency and the foundation that had recently resumed, and Bundy and Stone were ready to talk.49

On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Stratton, then chairman of the board of trustees, that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the CCF over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."50 The foundation's annual report for 1966 records that "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" the foundation granted 1.5 million dollars, that the congress would use the funds for general support and to strengthen its emphasis on less-developed countries and dialogue with East European intellectuals, and that its new board of trustees was headed by Raymond Aron.51

The New York Times reported in September 1967 that the congress had been totally financed by a Ford Foundation grant since October 1966 and, according to Josselson, with a guarantee of appropriations until 1972. It reported that Josselson had said in May that 1.5 million dollars was given by the foundation to the congress for 1966-67.52

In March 1967 the San Francisco magazine Ramparts reported the CIA's funding of the National Student Association. Sol Stern wrote the account.53 In April 1967 Jason Epstein published "The CIA and the Intellectuals" in the New York Review of Books. In May 1967 Thomas Braden, a former chief of the CIA's International Organizations Division, defended the program in the Saturday Evening Post as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts. The article disclosed, without naming names, agents placed in the CCF and on the editorial board of Encounter.54

On May 13, 1967, at an extraordinary session of the CCF General Assembly in Paris, Josselson disclosed the organization's financial history and the CIA's role in it. The assembly expressed regret that Josselson had accepted CIA money without informing his colleagues.55 Raymond Aron, whom Stone had asked to chair the new board, resigned when he judged the organization to be moving in the wrong direction.56

The CCF was renamed the IACF. In September 1967 Francis X. Sutton, vice president of the foundation's International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were reduced by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.57

Shepard Stone, who had been with the foundation for thirteen years, left in 1967 for Paris to lead the IACF, and Pierre Emmanuel became its director.58 Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for foundation money.59 In 1972 the foundation, on the recommendation of its program officer David Heaps, renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year. The IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.59

In a 1977 evaluation of the grant files, Craufurd Goodwin called the foundation's involvement with the CCF and IACF "one of the most interesting and complex involvements of the Ford Foundation over the course of its relatively brief history," and put the total of its grants at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades.60

In 1972 the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by Partisan Review, which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the CCF.61

The Katzenbach Committee and the end of covert grants, 1967

After the 1967 disclosures, Lyndon B. Johnson established a committee composed of Nicholas Katzenbach, Under Secretary of State, John W. Gardner, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, and Richard Helms, the CIA director. Its inquiry concerned government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The Church Committee describes the committee's life as 43 days, and states that President Johnson accepted its recommendations on March 29, 1967.62 The committee's report, as printed in the Foreign Relations of the United States series, recommended that no federal agency provide covert financial assistance to educational or private voluntary organizations.63

On June 4, 1968 Dean Rusk advised Johnson, in a follow-up on the committee's work: "It seems to me far better to let the CIA matter wither away and let a new administration take a fresh look at the possibilities."64 The report of the Rusk committee states that Johnson directed termination of the covert support no later than December 31, 1967; Langenkamp writes that the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among them Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.65

Grants to Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State James E. Webb. The report does not name the institute.66 The Center for International Studies (CENIS) of MIT began operating in the fall of 1951. Millikan, a professor of economics who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted its directorship in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 the Ford trustees granted CENIS 875,000 dollars to found a research program in international communication, according to Daniel Bessner.67 The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 400,000 dollars for MIT under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.68

The foundation's annual report for 1954 describes a program of research in economic development and political stability, carried on by the center, that "also received long-term Foundation support," research "mainly in India, Indonesia and Italy."69 The report's grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carries four columns (unpaid December 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid September 30, 1954). "Completion of field project in Indonesia by Center for International Studies" shows 50,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954. "Research in economic and political development by Center for International Studies" shows 175,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954, and a new grant of 750,000 dollars in 1954 unpaid at September 30, 1954. A further MIT entry, "Research on international communications," shows 500,000 dollars unpaid at both dates, and "Research on international affairs" 5,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953.6970

Grants to RAND Corporation

After RAND separated from Douglas Aircraft on May 14, 1948, it lobbied for and received from Henry Ford II of the foundation an interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and a credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars. In 1950 the foundation extended the loan to 1,000,000 dollars, and it eventually converted the loan into a grant.71 In a memorandum of May 5, 1951 to Gaither, Hans Speier, director of the RAND social science department, advised that before the foundation came to the aid of government-related projects it should establish that its action was "unobjectionable in the light of Foundation objectives and reputation, both in the United States and in the European country concerned."72 Speier, one of the foundation's RAND consultants, wrote that private organizations could "play the role which overt government effort can no longer assume."73

Grants to the Council on Foreign Relations

The foundation funded the 1953 study group on relations with the Soviet Union described in the McCloy letter above. The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 1,000,000 dollars to the Council on Foreign Relations under the heading American education in world affairs.74

Grants to the International Institute for Strategic Studies

The fiscal 1965 annual report states that the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London received a grant of 550,000 dollars for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations and library resources.75

The East European Fund and Columbia University

Langenkamp writes that the foundation's Free Russia Fund, soon renamed the East European Fund, was created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees from behind the Iron Curtain, to further their appreciation of the "free world" and to acquire intelligence about Soviet conduct. George F. Kennan proposed these projects, and Kennan later admitted that the exile projects he had proposed were ones the State Department had failed to realize.76

Langenkamp notes that Philip E. Mosely advised the Rockefeller Foundation against an intelligence unit proposed by the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, which Langenkamp calls the "Eurasia Institute." Mosely later ran a Russian program at Columbia University that secured support through the East European Fund, which Langenkamp describes as the Ford Foundation's subsidiary.77

Behavioral sciences and the Center for Advanced Study

The foundation helped establish the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.78 The foundation's annual report for fiscal 1954 records that the major grant among sixteen in the behavioral sciences, 3,411,590 dollars, supported the center for five years, that it began operations at Stanford in September 1954, and that thirty-eight scholars formed its first group of fellows.79

Parapsychology

The Parapsychology Foundation was founded in 1951 by Eileen J. Garrett with the support of Frances P. Bolton, and was chartered in Delaware on December 14 of that year.80

The 1969 tax reform hearings

In 1969 the House Ways and Means Committee began hearings on general tax reform and devoted its first week of testimony to foundations. Wright Patman was the first witness.81 McGeorge Bundy defended travel and study grants totaling more than 130,000 dollars to eight former staff members of Robert F. Kennedy. Smith writes that the grants "raised suspicion, resembling too closely political favors." Bundy's testimony was not well received, and he later acknowledged as much.81

The grants are recorded in the Rockefeller Archive Center grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy."82 Smith also writes that a 1967 foundation grant to the Cleveland chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality for a voter registration drive was felt by many to have helped secure the mayoral victory of Carl Stokes, and that the foundation's involvement in the voter registration drives of the Southern Regional Council offended officials in the South. After Congress passed the Tax Reform Act of 1969, Bundy urged foundations to make the new regulations effective, so that they would become "permanent safeguards against abuse."83

The 2001 Durban conference

In 2003 the Jewish Telegraphic Agency published a two-month investigation by Edwin Black, the first part of a series titled "Funding Hate." The series described the foundation as a multimillion-dollar funder of human rights groups that attended the 2001 United Nations World Conference Against Racism in Durban.84 It reported that the Palestinian Committee for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment, known as LAW, received three Ford grants totaling 1.1 million dollars since 1997. It reported that the Palestinian NGO Network received Ford grants totaling 1.4 million dollars from 1999 to 2002, plus a 270,000 dollar supplement. More than a dozen activist groups received well over one million dollars in Ford grants earmarked for advertising, public meetings and advocacy at the conference. Ford's Cairo office, the series reported, extended more than 35 million dollars to about 272 Arab and Palestinian organizations in 2000 and 2001.84

The foundation's communications vice president, Alex Wilde, initially declined to answer questions. He later sent a written statement: "We have seen no indication that our grantees in Durban or elsewhere engaged in anti-Semitic speech or activities. The Foundation does not support hate speech of any kind."85

Records at the Rockefeller Archive Center

The Ford Foundation's records are held at the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The series cited on this page are the Oral History Project (FA618), the Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621), the Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703), the Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617), the General Correspondence (FA735), the Office Files of David Bell (FA624), the Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568), the Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141) and the grant files (FA732).86

Stratton's chairmanship, 1966 to 1971

The foundation's 1965 annual report lists Julius A. Stratton on the board's executive committee, chaired by McCloy, and names him to succeed McCloy as chairman.27 The Harvard Crimson reported the succession on November 15, 1965, saying that a source close to Stratton said he had accepted the chairmanship and that, as a trustee, he had been consulted on the selection of presidential candidates and had supported Bundy as the best man for the job.87 In a memorandum of December 4, 1965 Bundy told President Lyndon B. Johnson: "John McCloy is out of town, so I have spoken to his successor, Jay Stratton, who is a deeply discreet man. Stratton immediately undertook to agree, in the name of the Trustees, to the condition which I have stated in the next to last paragraph."88

Stratton changed board practice. Officers had been instructed not to talk with a trustee unless the president of the foundation was present, and board meetings left little time for discussion. He introduced a mandatory retirement age and fixed terms for trustees, and set up trustee committees paired with staff divisions, on the model of MIT's visiting committees. In an oral history he described his method: "My procedure has been to involve every member [in discussions], to turn to him for what he thinks on each issue."89 He was chairman from 1966 to 1971.90 When he left the board, its resolution said that "He leaves the foundation stronger than he found it, and all who care for its work are deeply in his debt."89

Relationships 25

Funded
  • Rand Corporation, from 1948, interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars after RAND's separation from Douglas Aircraft; loan extended to 1,000,000 dollars in 195071
  • Council on Foreign Relations, from 1949, grant for aid to Europe studies, 30,000 dollars in 1949 to 19509
  • Fighting Group against Inhumanity, from 1951, grant of 150,000 dollars, channeled through the National Committee for a Free Europe14
  • Center for International Studies, from 1952, grant of 875,000 dollars for an international communication program, per Bessner9
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from 1952, grant of 875,000 dollars to the Center for International Studies in spring 195267
  • Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, from 1954, helped establish the center at Stanford University; grant of 3,411,590 dollars for five years in fiscal 195479
  • Der Monat, from 1954, 175,000-dollar appropriation covering three years, grantee International Publications, Inc.37
  • Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1957–1978, two-year grant of 500,000 dollars from fall 1957, 250,000 dollars a year through 1962, 7,000,000 dollars six-year grant announced 1966, terminal grant early 197834
  • Council on Foreign Relations, 1964–1965, grant of 1,000,000 dollars under the heading American education in world affairs, fiscal year to September 30, 196510
  • Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1966–1978, grant of 7,000,000 dollars announced 1966; renewed 1972 at 400,000 dollars a year50
  • Trilateral Commission, from 1972, supplemented the initial seed money; listed among major financial supporters since 19731
  • National Security Archive, from 2013, grants for freedom of information, Colombia and Cuba projects12
Owned
  • East European Fund, subsidiary, per Langenkamp76
Headed by
  • Paul G. Hoffman, 1950–1953, president3
  • H. Rowan Gaither, 1953–1956, president3
  • Henry T. Heald, 1956–1965, president3
  • McGeorge Bundy, from 1966, President36
  • McGeorge Bundy, 1966–1979, president3
Employer of
  • Hans Speier, from 1951, consultant on the Behavioral Sciences Program47
  • Richard Bissell, 1952–1954, staff member from January 1952; described as a consultant by Langenkamp3
  • Hans Simons, from 1960, consultant and director1
Directors
  • Julius A. Stratton, 1955–1971, trustee from 1955; member of the executive committee in 1965; chairman of the board of trustees from 1966 to 197126
  • John J. McCloy, 1959–1965, chairman of the board of trustees (trustee from 1953)26
Founded by
  • Edsel Ford, from 1936, chartered in Michigan with an initial gift of 25,000 dollars1
Partner of

Sources

  1. Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), 1936 entry, stating that the foundation is chartered in Michigan by Edsel Ford with an initial gift of $25,000. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf ↩
  2. Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement: Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), note 1 (Ford Motor Company stock valued at $417 million after the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947; endowment of $492 million by New Year's Eve 1950; the Carnegie and Rockefeller foundations named as the two largest until then). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  3. Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), list of presidents: Edsel Ford, February 1936 to June 1943; Henry Ford II, July 1943 to November 1950; Paul G. Hoffman, November 1950 to March 1953; H. Rowan Gaither Jr., March 1953 to October 1956; Henry T. Heald, October 1956 to December 1965; McGeorge Bundy, March 1966 to May 1979. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf ↩
  4. Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), 1947 and 1950 entries, describing the blue-ribbon panel led by H. Rowan Gaither that Henry Ford II commissioned, its advice that the foundation become a national and international philanthropy, and the trustees' unanimous approval of its recommendations. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf ↩
  5. The Henry Ford, Ford Foundation Collection, Acc. 923, finding aid, listing "Report of the Study for the Ford Foundation on Policy, 1949." https://findingaids.thehenryford.org/xtf/data/pdf/923_FordFoundationCollection.pdf ↩
  6. Langenkamp, note 10 (Gaither's role in transforming RAND from an Air Force branch into an independent think tank, his trusteeship until 1959, and Henry Ford II's hiring of him in 1947 to help set the foundation's priorities). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  7. Langenkamp, p. 2 and note 2, on the April 3, 1951 meeting with Acheson and the assurance that the State Department would put its liaison machinery "into high gear." https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  8. Langenkamp, pp. 2 to 3 and notes 3 to 5, on the meeting with Walter Bedell Smith and Allen Dulles on April 3, 1951, including the "never to refer" instruction and the agency's proposals; citing the Robert M. Hutchins oral history (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Oral History Project, FA618, Box 36, Folder 187) and H. Rowan Gaither's notes of the conference (Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither, FA621, Box 1, Folder 1). ↩
  9. CIA, Assistant Director, Research and Reports (Max F. Millikan), memorandum "Suggestions on kinds of projects we would like to see the Ford Foundation support," April 2, 1951. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000100060036-2 ↩
  10. Langenkamp, pp. 2 to 3, on the April 13, 1951 follow-up meeting, the requests for the Free University of Berlin, the Strasbourg university, the International Federation of War Veterans' Organizations and the National Committee for a Free Asia, described as CIA-created and later the Asia Foundation. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  11. Langenkamp, pp. 4 to 5 and notes 14 and 15, on Hook's application for $1,000,000 over three years and Gladieux's report to McDaniel. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  12. Langenkamp, pp. 4 to 6 and notes 16 to 18 (McDaniel's advice that the CIA better take on full sponsorship; Hutchins's characterization of Hook as "contentious and erratic" and of the CCF's purpose as "mere propaganda"; Gladieux to Hook, June 27, 1951; the Pasadena vote "as a matter of policy"). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  13. Langenkamp, note 18, citing James Burnham's memorandum 02.446 of July 5, 1950 (Hoover Institution Archives, James Burnham Papers, Box 11, Folder 5) on his role as liaison between the CCF and the agency. ↩
  14. Langenkamp, pp. 6 to 7 and notes 24 to 26, on the Fighting Group against Inhumanity, the $150,000 grant of April 1951, Eleanor Roosevelt's role, Hoffman's humanitarian condition and "we cannot contribute to subversive activities," and the channeling through the NCFE, described as a CIA proprietary (citing Eric Thomas Chester, "Covert Network," pp. 84 to 96, and the Rockefeller Archive Center grant file 05100034, FA732E). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  15. Langenkamp, pp. 6 to 7 and notes 27 and 28, on the suspension of the final allotment, the "more aggressive action" language, and Gladieux's argument to McDaniel that cancellation would "completely disrupt the present relations between the NCFE and the Fighting Group" (Gladieux to McDaniel, May 23, 1952, Grant File 05100034, FA732E). ↩
  16. Langenkamp, note 27, citing Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations and Comparable Organizations, House of Representatives, Eighty-Third Congress, Second Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1954), p. 1198, on Gladieux's acknowledgment of his continuing CIA relationship. ↩
  17. Langenkamp, p. 8 and note 28, quoting Hoffman's 1952 statement to the trustees (Hoffman, Report to the Trustees, February 4, 1952). ↩
  18. Langenkamp, note 29, citing Yorke Allen, Jr., memorandum "National Committee for Free Europe," March 20, 1952 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller Records, FA326), for the sidetracking of the Free University in Exile application and DeWitt C. Poole's regard for the reasoning as "rather tenuous" in light of the foundation's grant of $1,309,500 to the Free University in West Berlin. The sidetracking account is Langenkamp's reading of this memorandum. ↩
  19. Langenkamp, pp. 7 to 8, quoting Don K. Price's statement that "we're just not going to mix in with these action agencies," and the renewed request for $500,000 for the CCF's publication activities. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  20. Langenkamp, note 22 and p. 5 (in February 1953 Henry Ford II forced Hoffman to resign; Gaither was elected president, director and trustee at the same trustees' meeting; the contrast between Hoffman's international dialogue and Gaither's harder line). ↩
  21. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers, Ford Foundation Series finding aid, series description ("Richard Bissell joined the staff of the Ford Foundation in January 1952 after leaving the Economic Cooperation Administration (later the Mutual Security Agency). After a brief tenure he resigned in 1954."). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/bissell-richard-m-jr-papers/ford-foundation-series.pdf ↩
  22. Langenkamp, note 8, describing Richard M. Bissell, Jr. as a consultant to the foundation who in 1954 left to become Dulles's special assistant. ↩
  23. Langenkamp, note 8, citing Burton Hersh, "The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA" (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992), p. 319, for Bissell's study with Franklin A. Lindsay, and describing Lindsay's role. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  24. Langenkamp, pp. 11 to 12 and note 49, on McCloy's insistence on a full European program, its direction by Shepard Stone, and McCloy's role as a consultant brought in by Henry Ford II. ↩
  25. Langenkamp, note 49, citing McCloy to Hoffman, December 31, 1951, quoted in Kai Bird, "The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 358. ↩
  26. Langenkamp, p. 12 and note 50, on Stone's view of the CCF as "the most effective organization in Europe working among political, intellectual, and cultural leaders." ↩
  27. Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), opening review by the president, on the retirement of John J. McCloy as chairman effective December 31, 1965 ("as a member of the Board since 1953 and as chairman since 1959") and the election of Julius A. Stratton as chairman. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf ↩
  28. Langenkamp, p. 13 (by the time of Stone's 1962 proposal McCloy "in the meantime having assumed the chairmanship of the board of trustees"). ↩
  29. John J. McCloy to Allen W. Dulles, April 29, 1953, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020045-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020045-2 ↩
  30. Langenkamp, note 50, citing Stone to McCloy, February 25, 1954, quoted in Volker R. Berghahn, "America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe: Shepard Stone between Philanthropy, Academy, and Diplomacy" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 223. ↩
  31. Langenkamp, note 50, citing the transcript of the Shepard Stone oral history interview of December 12, 1972, pp. 25 to 27 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Oral History Project, FA618). ↩
  32. Langenkamp, note 56, citing Don K. Price's memorandum of May 21, 1954, quoted in the text on the three-trustee approval requirement (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Oral History Project, FA618). ↩
  33. Langenkamp, note 56, citing Price's oral history of June 22, 1972, p. 70, and McCloy's interview with Kai Bird (Bird, "The Chairman," p. 427), for the defense of the arrangement, the "shirts clean" remark and Price's warning to Dulles and Wisner. ↩
  34. Langenkamp, note 21, quoting Braden as cited in Joel Kotek, "Youth Organizations as a Battlefield in the Cold War," in The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945-1960, ed. Giles Scott-Smith and Hans Krabbendam (London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 152, and Langenkamp's remark that it is not clear whether the statement is true. ↩
  35. Langenkamp, note 57, citing 1958 and 1959 CIA correspondence (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, General Correspondence, FA735), John B. Howard's oral history of February 15, 1973, and Henry T. Heald's oral history of February 25, 1972, pp. 26 to 27 (Box 35, Folder 180), for the 1958 Washington briefing and Heald's repetition of the position to McCone. ↩
  36. Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 58, citing the Executive Committee minutes of February 10, 1961 in the Shepard Stone Papers (Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College), as cited by Berghahn, p. 227, and the 1962 addition. ↩
  37. Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1954, section "Der Monat." https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf ↩
  38. "Monat: Umzug ins Privatquartier," Der Spiegel, October 13, 1954. https://archive.org/details/sim_spiegel_1954-10-13_8_42 ↩
  39. Ford Foundation, Annual Reports 1955 to 1958, grant lists. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1957-annual-report.pdf (and the same path for 1955, 1956 and 1958) ↩
  40. Langenkamp, p. 12 and notes 53 to 55 (the fall 1957 two-year grant of $500,000; the seminars and outreach program; the annual support of $250,000 extended through 1962). ↩
  41. Langenkamp, p. 21 ("finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant"). ↩
  42. Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 59, citing Stone to McCloy, memorandum of June 12, 1962 (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 232 to 233, for the "$2,000,000 per year for the next five years" proposal and its failure. ↩
  43. Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 60, citing Stone to Josselson, June 10, 1964 (Harry Ransom Center, Josselson Papers, Box 21, Folder 1), and Josselson's report (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 236 to 237, for the consortium proposal of $15 to 20 million over ten years. ↩
  44. Michael Josselson, report on the financial history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, read to the General Assembly on May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3 (Josselson Papers, Box 27, Folder 2), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 16, on Heald's attitude toward the full-sponsorship proposal. ↩
  45. U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," describing the 1964 public hearing of Wright Patman, chairman of the Subcommittee on Foundations, at which eight CIA funding instruments were named (the "Patman Eight"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf ↩
  46. Langenkamp, note 61, citing the New York Times articles of April 25 to 29, 1966, with the CCF mentioned in the April 27 article. ↩
  47. Langenkamp, p. 14 and note 63, citing Schlesinger to Bundy, April 25, 1966, and Bundy's reply of May 3, 1966 (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Papers, New York Public Library, Box 20, Folder 3). ↩
  48. Langenkamp, pp. 14 to 15 and notes 64 to 66, citing the Overseas Development Division review, Ward's recommendation of July 15, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of McGeorge Bundy, FA617, Box 11, Folder 136), and James A. Perkins, "The Congress for Cultural Freedom," August 15, 1966, Rockefeller Archive Center, Catalogued Report 011014 (Perkins then being president of Cornell University). ↩
  49. CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12 (on the 1966 talks with the Ford Foundation and Josselson's request of early 1966, citing the New York Times series of April 1966). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf ↩
  50. Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465), for the $7,000,000 grant and the quoted sentences. ↩
  51. Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34 (grant of "$1.5 million" in "further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom"; use of the funds; the new board headed by "the French scholar, Raymond Aron"), and the grant table, p. 96 (Congress for Cultural Freedom, General support, 1,500,000); the same 1,500,000 line appears in the "Annual Report 1967" grant table, p. 129. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf ↩
  52. Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Once Aided by C.I.A. Picks Ford Fund Aide to Be Its Director," New York Times, dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP69B00369R000200240032-3 ↩
  53. Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 68, citing Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts 5, No. 9 (March 1967), pp. 29 to 38. ↩
  54. Langenkamp, p. 15 and notes 69 and 70, citing Jason Epstein, "The CIA and the Intellectuals," New York Review of Books, April 20, 1967, and Thomas Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is Immoral," Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967. ↩
  55. Josselson, report read to the Extraordinary Meeting of the General Assembly, Paris, May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3, as cited in Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 71 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Reel 2135), and the assembly's expression of regret. ↩
  56. Langenkamp, p. 17 and note 75 (Raymond Aron's resignation; Sutton to Bell, memorandum "Congress Finance Proposal," September 20, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of David Bell, FA624, Box 12, Folder 179). ↩
  57. Langenkamp, p. 17 and notes 73 and 74 (Josselson to Sutton, September 20, 1967; Sutton to Bundy and Bell, memorandum "Congress for Cultural Freedom," September 21, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of Francis X. Sutton, FA568, Box 71, Folder 5), for the recommendation of five more years and the reduction of the last three installments by nearly $1,000,000. ↩
  58. Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1967" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10 (Shepard Stone, after thirteen years, left "for Paris, to lead the International Association for Cultural Freedom"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf ↩
  59. Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 and notes 76 to 81 (Stone's fundraising failures in Europe and Japan; the 1972 five-year renewal at $400,000 a year on the positive review by David Heaps; the IACF's dissolution in 1978). ↩
  60. Craufurd Goodwin, memorandum "Evaluation International Association for Cultural Freedom," November 3, 1977 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Section 3, Reel 2174), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 19 and note 82. Langenkamp's Table 2 totals 10,934,750 dollars, which differs from the 8,400,000 dollar figure quoted from the evaluation. ↩
  61. Langenkamp, note 93, citing the press release of November 16, 1972 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 07200090, FA732D, Reel 1750), on the $50,000 grant to Encounter and the protest by seventy-three writers and editors organized by Partisan Review. ↩
  62. U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection on the Katzenbach Committee, describing its membership, its mandate ("endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community"), the 43-day life of the committee, and President Johnson's acceptance of its recommendations on March 29, 1967. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf ↩
  63. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXIII, document 260, editorial note on the committee appointed to review the CIA's relationships with private American voluntary organizations and its March 29, 1967 report. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d260 ↩
  64. Langenkamp, p. 25 and note 95, citing Rusk to President Johnson, June 4, 1968 (Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, White House Central Files, Confidential File, Box 192, Oversize Attachment Packet 1). ↩
  65. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917-1972, vol. VII, document 186, "Report to the President of the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities" (the Rusk committee; the editorial note dates its release to about May 27, 1967), stating that the President directed termination of the support no later than December 31, 1967 and that the process was completed before that date. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1917-72PubDipv07/d186 For the exceptions, Langenkamp, note 94 (the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among which were Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  66. Church Committee, Book I (1976), subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed research institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb and funded for more than a decade. ↩
  67. Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 255 to 256 and notes 105 to 109 (CENIS operating from fall 1951; Millikan's appointment in February 1952; the $875,000 grant "in the spring of 1952"), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, "The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969" (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 18 and 36 to 42. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content ↩
  68. Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf ↩
  69. Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, program statement "Economic Development and Political Stability," p. 45. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf ↩
  70. Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 86 (column headings: unpaid Dec. 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid Sept. 30, 1954). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf ↩
  71. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 and note 76 (May 14, 1948 separation; the $100,000 interest-free loan and $300,000 credit guarantee "from Henry Ford II of the Ford Foundation"; the extension of the loan to $1,000,000 in 1950; its conversion into a grant). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content ↩
  72. Langenkamp, note 10, citing Hans Speier to H. Rowan Gaither, memorandum of May 5, 1951 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither, FA621, Box 1, Folder 3). ↩
  73. Langenkamp, p. 3 and note 10, quoting the Speier memorandum on the role of private organizations. ↩
  74. Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," grant tables, entry for Council on Foreign Relations, $1,000,000, under the heading American education in world affairs. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf ↩
  75. Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," narrative on international affairs, stating that the Institute for Strategic Studies, in London, "received a grant of $550,000 for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations, and library resources." https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf ↩
  76. Langenkamp, p. 5 and note 22 (the Free Russia Fund, soon the East European Fund, created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees; Kennan's admission about the projects the State Department had failed to realize). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  77. Langenkamp, note 36, citing David C. Engerman, "Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America's Soviet Experts" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 39 to 40, and Philip E. Mosely's memorandum "Eurasian Research Institute," October 19, 1948 (Rockefeller Archive Center, FA308, Box 407, Folder 2744). ↩
  78. Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), timeline entry noting that Ford helped establish the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf ↩
  79. Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1954" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1954), section "The Behavioral Sciences" (sixteen grants; "the major grant was that of $3,411,590 to support for five years the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences"; operations began at Stanford, California, in September 1954; thirty-eight scholars as the first group of fellows). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf ↩
  80. Society for Psychical Research, "Parapsychology Foundation (PF)," psi encyclopedia. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/parapsychology-foundation/ ↩
  81. James Allen Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation: The Tax Reform Act of 1969," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source (December 20, 2019), on the first week of hearings, Patman as the first witness, Bundy's defense of the RFK-staff grants of more than $130,000 and his acknowledgment that his testimony was not well received. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/ ↩
  82. Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," citing the Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation records, grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy" (Foundation Administered Project 06890762). ↩
  83. Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," on the 1967 Cleveland CORE grant, the Southern Regional Council voter drives, and Bundy's later urging of foundations to make the regulations effective, citing Bundy, "President's Review," Ford Foundation Annual Report 1969, p. xv. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/ ↩
  84. Edwin Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 16, 2003, the first part of the "Funding Hate" series, reporting the LAW grants ($1.1 million since 1997), the PNGO grants ($1.4 million from 1999 to 2002 plus a $270,000 supplement), the more than one million dollars earmarked for Durban by more than a dozen groups, and the Cairo office's more than $35 million to about 272 organizations in 2000 and 2001. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists ↩
  85. Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists" (JTA, October 16, 2003), reporting Wilde's initial refusal to answer questions and the written statement he later provided. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists ↩
  86. Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, series cited on this page: Oral History Project (FA618); Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621); Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703); Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617); General Correspondence (FA735); Office Files of David Bell (FA624); Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568); Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141); grant files (FA732). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf ↩
  87. "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," Harvard Crimson, November 15, 1965. https://thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts ↩
  88. McGeorge Bundy, memorandum to President Johnson, "Letter of resignation," December 4, 1965, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964 to 1968, vol. XXXIII, Document 159. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d159 ↩
  89. Paul E. Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton, 1901 to 1994," Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences, section "The Ford Foundation." https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf ↩
  90. Eric Pace, "Julius A. Stratton, 93, Ex-President of M.I.T.," New York Times, June 24, 1994, p. A25. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/24/obituaries/julius-a-stratton-93-ex-president-of-mit.html ↩

Connected to by shared pages

11 shared · Organizationvia Hans Simons, Roberto Viaux, Institute of World Affairs
Rockefeller Foundation
8 shared · Personvia Institute of World Affairs, Max Millikan, Office of War Information
Hans Speier
5 shared · Organizationvia Michael Josselson, Melvin J. Lasky, Congress for Cultural Freedom
Congress for Cultural Freedom
6 shared · Personvia Max Millikan, Center for International Studies, Julius A. Stratton
Max Millikan
4 shared · Personvia Michael Josselson, Melvin J. Lasky, Congress for Cultural Freedom
Michael Josselson
6 shared · Personvia Melvin J. Lasky, Congress for Cultural Freedom, Julius A. Stratton
John J. McCloy
5 shared · Personvia Congress for Cultural Freedom, Center for International Studies, Julius A. Stratton
Julius A. Stratton
6 shared · Programvia Max Millikan, Office of War Information, Center for International Studies
Project Troy

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