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Ohio

U.S. state whose Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Columbus research institute, 1966 and 1973 sightings, and 1970 Kent State shootings anchor a record of UFO files, intelligence contracts and campus violence.

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U.S. State
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OH, State of Ohio, Buckeye State
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Ohio is a Midwestern state whose capital is Columbus. Its record runs through the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, where Project Blue Book was headquartered, and through the Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, which held a contract supporting the same UFO work. Two Ohio sightings, one in April 1966 and one in October 1973, involved county deputies and an Army helicopter crew. The state is also the setting of the May 1970 shootings at Kent State University, the Cleveland-area American affiliate of a British machine-tool maker that Iraqi state interests acquired, and the careers of several people born or active there.

Wright-Patterson, Dayton and the Blue Book files

Project Grudge and its successor Project Blue Book were run from the base. The Air Force fact sheet of January 1985 states that the project "was headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base," and gives 12,618 sightings reported from 1947 to 1969, of which 701 remained unidentified.1 The project was terminated by an announcement of the Secretary of the Air Force on December 17, 1969.2

The same fact sheet states: "Periodically, it is erroneously stated that the remains of extraterrestrial visitors are or have been stored at Wright-Patterson AFB. There are not now nor ever have been, any extraterrestrial visitors or equipment on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base."1

The 1997 Air Force report on the Roswell crash, written by James McAndrew and titled The Roswell Report: Case Closed, describes accounts in which bodies from Roswell were moved to "usually Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio," which it calls a point of disagreement among UFO theorists.3 Thomas J. Carey and Donald R. Schmitt wrote that the original flight plan for the Roswell wreckage had a second leg to Wright Field, that the leg was publicly cancelled at a press conference on July 8, 1947, and that there was never a Hangar 18 on the base. They wrote that the name "Blue Room" was first used publicly in connection with the repository at Wright-Patterson in The Roswell Incident (1980).4

Barry Goldwater wrote to Shlomo Arnon on March 28, 1975 that about ten or twelve years earlier he had tried to learn what was in the building at Wright-Patterson where Air Force UFO information was stored, and had been denied. He wrote that the material "is still classified above Top Secret."5 In letters to Lee Graham of April 11, 1979 and October 19, 1981 he wrote that he had been denied access to "a facility at Wright-Patterson" and had "long ago given up acquiring access to the so-called blue room at Wright-Patterson."5 Timothy Good reproduced the letters in Above Top Secret and wrote that Goldwater had hoped to obtain permission from Curtis LeMay to examine the material there and was refused.5

On CNN's Larry King Live on October 1, 1994 Goldwater described asking LeMay about "a room at Wright-Patterson where you put all this secret stuff." In his account LeMay replied, "Don't ever ask me that question again!"6 In written testimony to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform dated September 9, 2025, George Knapp stated that former Nevada senator Howard Cannon told him that Goldwater had raised the same question several times, and that the response was "hell no, and never ask again."7 Knapp stated that Goldwater confirmed the account in early-1990s correspondence and that Cannon confirmed it on camera.7

William L. Moore's Freedom of Information Act request of December 1980 to the Foreign Technology Division about a "Project Blue Room" drew a reply that no records could be found. In 1982 the division told Lee Graham that it could not locate documents on the Blue Room, and added that Goldwater had visited earlier that year and received a technology update briefing. On October 9, 1991 the Air Force told Brian Parks that a film titled "Blue Room, Wright Patterson AFB OH, 1955" existed in its records and had been destroyed on September 9, 1965.4

The Foreign Technology Division was established on July 1, 1961 under Air Force Systems Command. From 1961 to 1991 it was the Air Force's scientific and technical intelligence center for foreign air, space and ballistic missile systems, working under Defense Intelligence Agency production guidance.8 Robert M. Collins wrote that he came to the UFO subject in the summer of 1985 as an analyst in theoretical and applied physics at the division, and that in the group around Moore he was given the bird name Condor. He named a retired division lieutenant colonel in Dayton, Anthony J. Cacioppo, and Dale Graff, by then reassigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency, as persons with in-depth knowledge of the UFO subject.9

In August 1988 Moore, Jaime Shandera, Richard Doty, Collins and the retired Air Force lieutenant colonel Ernie Kellerstrass met at a state park near Dayton, each at a separate contact point, according to Collins. He wrote that in the fall of 1987 Kellerstrass had hosted Moore, Shandera, Harold Puthoff, Colonel John B. Alexander, C.B. Scott Jones and Collins at dinner at his house in Beavercreek, Ohio. Collins wrote that Kellerstrass brought a companion from "DET 22," and that the men "all checked out."10

A purchase order awarded on January 9, 2013 by the General Services Administration to HII Mission Technologies for foreign materiel exploitation engineering and maintenance support carried the place of performance Dayton, Ohio. USAspending records list $53,916,532.23 obligated under the order, a funding office of the National Air and Space Intelligence Center, and a period of performance from February 1, 2013 to July 31, 2018.11

In 1953 J. Allen Hynek ran Project Henry from Ohio State University, reviewing teletype reports from the base. His assistant Jennie Zeidman wrote in 1991 that Hynek was paid to investigate only the reports Blue Book assigned to him, and that Hynek often said he knew the best cases were withheld. She also wrote that Parks had obtained, under the Freedom of Information Act, Hynek's record as a Foreign Technology Division consultant from 1970 to 1974.12

Foreign materiel and the National Air and Space Intelligence Center

The base's foreign materiel mission runs through the National Air and Space Intelligence Center. A 2016 Air Force story describes the center handing foreign materiel to an 87-member Foreign Materiel Exploitation Squadron.13 The Department of Defense Inspector General's audit report 98-005, dated October 8, 1997, reviewed how the military departments used exploitation results.14

Notes attributed to the physicist Eric Davis, dated October 16, 2002, record Vice Admiral Thomas R. Wilson describing a June 1997 meeting at which program managers said they ran a reverse engineering program. The notes have Wilson first assuming the program concerned recovered Soviet or Chinese hardware, and then saying the managers "said they weren't that either." Wilson told the Sarasota Herald-Tribune in 2020: "It's all fiction."15

In June 2023 The Debrief reported, in an article by Leslie Kean and Ross Coulthart, that a NASIC officer identified as Jonathan Grey worked on UAP analysis there. The article quotes Grey: "I have been the recipient of such briefings for almost a decade," and reports Christopher Mellon's account of briefings he arranged for congressional staff on retrieved materials.16 The War Zone reported that a Department of Defense spokesperson, Sue Gough, said that the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office had not discovered verifiable information substantiating claims of reverse engineering of extraterrestrial materials.17

The Portage County sightings of April 1966

On April 17, 1966 a Portage County deputy, Dale F. Spaur, badge number 15, reported a UFO near Ravenna, the county seat. In the Blue Book teletype record, Spaur said the object was first sighted along the highway into Ravenna and that he followed it east to Conway, Pennsylvania, with a second deputy, W. L. Neff, and two patrol cars.18 Other accounts in the file give the chase as 85 and 86 miles, and identify the second deputy as Wilbur Neff.1920 Gerald F. Buchert, chief of police in Mantua, told the Associated Press that he photographed the object from his front yard in Mantua, about eight miles north of Ravenna, and that the Air Force told him not to release the picture.20

The file records that the 662nd Radar Squadron station at Oakdale, Pennsylvania, had nothing on radar between 0530 and 0615 that morning, and that the Air National Guard fighters based at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport were not scrambled.18 In a telephone account recorded in the file, Spaur said the object was "So bright that we couldn't look directly at it," and that its sound was "a humming sound like a power transformer," with "no thrust like from a jet."21

The case was handled by the Blue Book office under Hector Quintanilla. The file's telephone record says that Quintanilla told Spaur the Air Force wanted the negative so that it could be enlarged, and that Spaur expected the sheriff to hand it over.21 A memorandum for the record in the same file notes that Air National Guard interceptors at Greater Pittsburgh were not sent up because nothing showed on radar, and that both Spaur and Buchert had given the Air Force excellent testimony by telephone, so that little more was expected from a personal interview.18

An Air Force photo analysis of Buchert's negative found that the "very bright light" he tried to photograph "does not appear as an image," and that the two images on the negative were "probably the result of processing defects due to old fogged film and poor handling." The analysis concluded: "The probable cause of the sighting by Deputy Sheriff Spaur of Ravenna, Ohio was the passage of a satellite over northeastern Ohio." It continues: "It is believed that Deputy Sheriff Spaur was chasing the planet Venus. Radar indicates that no airborne objects were in the area of the sighting during the period that Deputy Sheriff Spaur was chasing the UFO."22

A letter dated May 1966 from Robert E. Cook, who wrote as a private citizen and a former United States congressman, went to William Stanton, the representative for the district. Cook called the Venus conclusion "ridiculous," wrote that Air Force investigators had not come to Portage County to interview the three eyewitnesses, and said the inquiry had consisted of telephone calls and an examination of Buchert's photographs. He urged Stanton to insist that investigators be sent.19 The Blue Book files also include a ground-visual sighting at Mansfield on August 16, 1966, for which Quintanilla wrote to the observer on August 29 that the information received was not sufficient for evaluation and asked for a completed questionnaire; the case form carries the conclusion "Insufficient Data for Evaluation."23

The case file's cover sheet is headed "PROJECT 10073 RECORD." Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14, the 1955 statistical study described in the Battelle section below, carries the same "Project No. 10073" on its cover.24

Battelle Memorial Institute and the Columbus contracts

Battelle Memorial Institute is a nonprofit contract research organization in Columbus, created under the will of the Columbus industrialist Gordon Battelle. The institute was incorporated in 1925, and its first laboratory opened in October 1929.25 Its UFO work began in late 1951. Edward J. Ruppelt, then chief of Project Grudge, wrote that he set up a contract with a research organization because no one on his staff could answer the questions that UFO reports raised. He called the arrangement "Project Bear," and wrote that "Their organization cannot be identified by name because they are doing other highly secret work for the government." He described it as "a large, well-known research organization in the Midwest."26

The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office listed the arrangement in February 2024 as "Project BEAR (Late 1951 to Late 1954)," and stated that "BMI released a report under the cover of ATIC to maintain its anonymity."27 The resulting report was dated May 5, 1955 and issued by the Air Technical Intelligence Center at Wright-Patterson. It rests on "approximately 4,000 reports" from June 1947 to December 1952, reduced to IBM punched-card abstracts, and was undertaken "to determine if 'flying saucers' represented technological developments not known to this country."24 Its conclusions state that "there was a complete lack of any valid evidence consisting of physical matter in any case of a reported unidentified" object.24

The Robertson Panel memorandum, prepared for the Central Intelligence Agency after the panel's meetings in January 1953, records in its minutes for January 15 that "The Project STORK support at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, was described by Dr. Hynek."28 The arrangement outlasted the early years. A CIA memorandum of October 11, 1960 reports a visit to the "Air Force's Project White Stork (PWS) at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio," and states that White Stork "has assumed increasing importance to OSI analysts because it is able to provide considerably more assistance for many scientific and technical Intelligence research projects than any other repository in the Intelligence Community."29

Battelle also hosted tests on a model of a Soviet-designed biological bomblet. The New York Times reported on September 4, 2001 that the Central Intelligence Agency, in a program code-named Clear Vision that began in 1997, "conducted two sets of tests at Battelle, the military contractor," and that the Defense Intelligence Agency had taken over a project to replicate a genetically altered anthrax strain, for which the West Jefferson, Ohio, laboratory of Battelle had been selected.30 The Department of Energy's Office of Legacy Management lists the institute's King Avenue site in Columbus and its West Jefferson site, about 15 miles west of the city, as a Manhattan Engineer District and Atomic Energy Commission legacy site, and states that Battelle conducted nuclear research at both for the department and its predecessor agencies between 1943 and 1986.31 At King Avenue, part of the federal fuel and target fabrication program, the work included processing and machining enriched, natural and depleted uranium and thorium and fabricating fuel elements; at West Jefferson a hot cell facility was used for examination of power and research reactor fuels and post-irradiation examination of control rod, source and structural materials, beside a critical assembly laboratory, a reactor research building and an engineering area for fuel element fabrication and ballistics studies.31 The department reports that 1.7 million tons of low-level and mixed low-level waste and 41 tons of transuranic waste were shipped from the two sites, that cleanup was completed in 2006, and that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission terminated Battelle's special nuclear materials license for both sites in 2008.31 On January 4, 1965 the key to the Hanford Laboratories was transferred to Battelle, which operated the laboratory for the Atomic Energy Commission. In the 1960s and 1970s the Ohio Attorney General challenged the institute's reading of Gordon Battelle's will, and the dispute was settled in 1975 with a distribution of $80 million to other charities.25

The Coyne helicopter incident over Mansfield, 1973

On November 27, 1978 Lawrence J. Coyne, who gave his rank as lieutenant colonel, described the incident to the Special Political Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, in the summary record of its 35th meeting, during a session in which Jacques Vallee and Hynek also spoke.32 The summary records that Coyne described an incident of October 18, 1973 involving a United States Army utility helicopter, of which he had been in command, and an unidentified flying object. The incident "had almost resulted in a mid-air collision."32

According to the summary, the helicopter had left Columbus for Cleveland at 10:30 p.m. with a crew of four. A red-lighted aircraft approached at very high speed, and Coyne contacted Mansfield approach control by radio. The object was described as "50 to 60 feet long," with "a large, steady, bright red light" on the front and a green light from its undercarriage that "swung through an angle of 90 degrees to shine directly into the cockpit." The magnetic compass was "spinning slowly," and the helicopter climbed at 1,000 feet per minute although its controls were still set for a descent. Coyne told the committee he was convinced that the object had been real and that such incidents should be thoroughly investigated.32

A news account published in the Mansfield News Journal on November 4, 1973 identified the pilot as Army Reserve Captain Lawrence Coyne, a member of the 316th Medical Detachment at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. It quoted him: "We were on a collision course," and "The thing was terrifically fast." It reported that none of the F-100 jets of the nearby Air National Guard squadron were in the air when the object appeared.33 The case file states that the helicopter's commander was 36 years old and had nineteen years of Army Reserve service, and that the crew included a flight medic and a crew chief.34

The case file cites an Army Disposition Form incident report reproduced in Larry Fawcett and Barry Greenwood, Clear Intent (1984).35 It also cites Jennie Zeidman's 1979 monograph for the Center for UFO Studies, and states that her second-by-second timeline showed the object in continuous view of the crew for at least five minutes. The case file states that this timeline rules out a meteor.36 Witnesses on the ground, including a family returning to a rural home near the Charles Mill Reservoir, reported a red light and then green illumination.34

A J. Patrick Coyne was executive secretary of the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities and of its successor, the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. The UN summary gives the helicopter commander's rank as lieutenant colonel, and the 1973 news account gives it as captain.3233 Whether J. Patrick Coyne and Lawrence J. Coyne are the same man is not established by the records cited here.

Kent State University and the Ohio National Guard, 1970

The President's Commission on Campus Unrest, chaired by former Pennsylvania governor William Scranton, reported that about 750 Ohio National Guard members were sent to Kent State University in May 1970. It reported that on May 4 students congregated on the commons and defied an order to disperse, that the Guard fired tear gas, and that "some fired their weapons." Four students were killed and nine wounded.37

The Commission wrote of the shooting: "The 61 shots by 28 guardsmen certainly cannot be justified. Apparently, no order to fire was given, and there was inadequate fire control discipline on Blanket Hill."38 The report also states: "This was not the case at Kent State, yet each guardsman carried a loaded M-1 rifle."38

On the presence of a gun, the Commission wrote: "Terry Norman, a free-lance photographer, was taking pictures of the demonstration and was seen with a pistol after the Guard fired. Several civilians chased him from Taylor Hall into the Guard line, where he surrendered a .38 caliber revolver. The gun was immediately examined by a campus policeman, who found that it had not been fired."39 The Commission added that "The activities of two persons at the scene may have given rise to the belief that a sniper was present."39

Reuters reported in May 2016 that Norman was a student and FBI informant, that some experts speculated he fired the shots that provoked the Guard volley, and that he told investigators he never fired his gun.40 The FBI cited privacy protections for not releasing documents about Norman or confirming that they exist. A Buffalo attorney, Michael Kuzma, had filed a lawsuit seeking the FBI's records on Norman.40

In a piece inserted in the Congressional Record on December 14, 2010 by Dennis Kucinich, the co-founder of the Kent State Truth Tribunal wrote that a forensic audio analysis by Stuart Allen, commissioned by the Cleveland Plain Dealer, had heard "a violent altercation with FBI-paid Terry Norman," and that the last word of a Guard order to fire was "stepped on by a barrage of 67 shots over 13 seconds."41

Matrix-Churchill and the Cleveland office

Matrix-Churchill Corporation was an Ohio company with its office in the Cleveland area, the American affiliate of the British machine-tool maker Matrix Churchill. On March 14, 1989 Secretary of State James Baker signed State Department documents authenticating the company so that it could open a branch in Baghdad. On May 10, 1989 Acting Secretary Lawrence Eagleburger signed a similar set.42 Representative Henry Gonzalez told the House on August 10, 1992 that Baker and Eagleburger had, unwittingly, helped the company establish its Baghdad branch.42

Gonzalez also described the Cleveland operation as headed on the procurement side by an Iraqi, Saalim Naman, and placed the company inside a network that had "numerous, almost daily contacts with BNL in Atlanta and Matrix-Churchill in Cleveland."42 Eagleburger had been an officer of Kissinger Associates until 1989.43

Standard Oil Company of Ohio

The government's bill in the Standard Oil case alleged that the conspiracy was formed "in or about the year 1870" by John D. Rockefeller, William Rockefeller and Henry M. Flagler. The bill named "Standard Oil Company of Ohio, and sixty-two other corporations and partnerships, as also seven individuals" as defendants.44 The Ohio company had already been the object of a state proceeding. On March 2, 1892 the Ohio Supreme Court, in a quo warranto action brought in the name of the state on the relation of the attorney general, held that the company's participation in the trust agreement, under which all but seven of its 35,000 shares had been transferred to trustees, was beyond its corporate powers, and entered "Judgment ousting the defendant from the right to make the agreement set forth in the petition and of the power to perform the same."45

Facts Forum, H.L. Hunt and Representative Wayne Hays

In 1954 Representative Wayne Hays of Ohio, a member of the Reece Committee investigating tax-exempt foundations, demanded that the exemption of Facts Forum be lifted. "Facts Forum is not only a propaganda machine," he said, "but it puts up money to defeat people for Congress like me."46 The Internal Revenue Service gave the organization what the trade weekly Broadcasting-Telecasting called "a clean bill of health." A Facts Forum spokesman, Hardy Burt, wrote to Hays asking whether his "vociferous antagonism" was connected with the Daily Worker's endorsement of his 1948 candidacy. H.L. Hunt put $5,000 on Hays's opponent in a later race and lost.47

Wexner Foundation and the Epstein record in Ohio

The Wexner Foundation is an Ohio private charitable foundation formed in 1973 by the family of the retailer Leslie Wexner to develop Jewish communal leadership in North America and public-sector leadership in Israel. Jeffrey Epstein, Wexner's money manager, was a trustee from December 15, 1992 until September 4, 2007, and was president of the Wexner family office, N.A. Property, Inc., which kept the foundation's books.48 Between 2004 and 2006 the foundation paid the former Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak 2.3 million dollars for two commissioned studies. According to a foundation statement reported by the Times of Israel, one of the two studies was never finished.49 Maria Farmer, a painter, alleged in her 2025 complaint against the United States that in the summer of 1996 Epstein invited her to be an artist-in-residence at his home in New Albany, Ohio, which the complaint describes as part of or adjacent to the Wexner estate. She alleged that in late July or early August 1996 Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell assaulted her there, that they took images from her cataloged collection of source material for her artwork and carried them by airplane from Ohio to New York, and that a local sheriff and other persons connected with Wexner prevented her from leaving the property for days.50 She reported Epstein and Maxwell to the New York City Police Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation in August 1996.50 A February 2020 review commissioned by the foundation, conducted by the law firm Kegler Brown Hill and Ritter, found no evidence that Epstein used the foundation to commit any crime.48

Prediction markets and the Ohio Casino Control Commission

In 2025 the Ohio Casino Control Commission sent cease-and-desist letters to prediction markets. Kalshi sued the commission and the Ohio Attorney General, Dave Yost, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, where Judge Sarah Daggett Morrison denied Kalshi a preliminary injunction on March 9, 2026.51 On September 25, 2026 a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, in an opinion by Judge Julia Gibbons, affirmed the Ohio denial. The panel held that Kalshi had not shown that sports event contracts are swaps, and alternatively that the Commodity Exchange Act neither expressly nor impliedly preempts the states' gambling laws.52 The commission's letter had told Kalshi that offering event contracts on sporting events to people in Ohio without a sports gaming license violated Ohio law, and the commission separately warned licensed sportsbooks that associating with an unlicensed operator would call their own licenses into question.52 Covers reported on October 5, 2026 that Kalshi, which sued Ohio in 2025, had been fined $5 million by the state in April.53

Lobbying disclosure filings for Kalshi by Miller Strategies list covered positions that include chief counsel to Representative Jim Jordan, according to the Senate Lobbying Disclosure Act database.54 Jordan managed the House debate on the Epstein Files Transparency Act on November 18, 2025, when the House passed it by 427 to 1.55

Radiance Technologies and the Dayton contractors

Radiance Technologies, a Huntsville, Alabama company, announced on October 6, 2014 that it and "its Dayton partners" had been awarded a $960,000,000 indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contract (Advanced Technical Exploitation Program II) for research, development, system sustainment and intelligence production using geospatial-intelligence and non-nuclear measurement and signature intelligence data at the National Air and Space Intelligence Center.56 The company's political action committee has disbursed to Citizens for Turner, the committee of Representative Mike Turner of Ohio, according to the Federal Election Commission's records.57 In December 2023 the attorney Daniel Sheehan named Radiance among the entities he said were pressuring Turner and Representative Mike Rogers over the Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act; the interviewing outlet wrote that it had been unable to substantiate the involvement of those organizations, and reported that multiple sources told it the allegations about Radiance were untrue.58

Project Monarch and the Youngstown account

Cathy O'Brien described, in the account of Project Monarch summarized in a PROBE article of about 1996, being subjected to further conditioning by Michael Aquino at NASA bases and being sent to what she called "Charm School" in Youngstown. She described it as a stone building with a basement dungeon equipped with chains, a stretching rack, whips and altars. She also claimed to have delivered messages to foreign leaders, including the Mexican president Carlos Salinas, on behalf of the vice president, George H.W. Bush.59

Born in Ohio: Kappes and Manson

Stephen Kappes was born in Cincinnati on August 22, 1951, took a bachelor's degree in pre-medicine at Ohio University and a master's degree in pathology at Ohio State University, served as a Marine Corps officer from 1976, and joined the Central Intelligence Agency in January 1981.60

Charles Manson was born in Cincinnati on November 12, 1934 and spent his childhood in and out of institutions.61

Political figures: JD Vance, Peter Thiel and Public First Action

JD Vance was born James Donald Bowman in Middletown on August 2, 1984. He served as U.S. Senator from Ohio from 2023 to 2025 and as Vice President of the United States from January 2025.62 Vance's political career was built on the financial backing of Peter Thiel, who employed him at Mithril Capital from 2017 and gave to the Protect Ohio Values super PAC supporting his 2022 Senate primary.62 His contributions to the committee totaled approximately fifteen million dollars across the 2022 cycle.63 A Cincinnati Enquirer report of March 15, 2021 headlined a donation of $10 million from Thiel to a super PAC supporting Vance.64 Politico's account of the Ohio primary of May 3, 2022 carried the headline "A mole hunt, a secret website and Peter Thiel's big risk."65

The Jobs and Democracy PAC, which received most of the money of the Public First Action super PAC, reported expenditures supporting Brian Poindexter in Ohio.66

Mordecai Vanunu and the Daily Mirror in Ohio

The Daily Mirror dismissed its foreign editor, Nicholas Davies, on October 29, 1991, for denying that he had been in Ohio in 1985 at the home of an arms dealer, after a rival paper printed a photograph of him. The dismissal came in the period of press coverage of Mordecai Vanunu.67

  1. National Archives, "Project BLUE BOOK - Unidentified Flying Objects," reproducing the United States Air Force fact sheet "UFOs & Project BLUE BOOK" distributed by the Public Affairs Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, January 1985, https://www.archives.gov/research/military/air-force/ufos ↩
  2. Air Force news release No. 1077-69, "Air Force to Terminate Project 'Blue Book,'" 17 December 1969, reproduced in the Office of Naval Research information sheet and Air Force "UFO Fact Sheet," https://www.physics.smu.edu/pseudo/UFOs/dod174.pdf ↩
  3. James McAndrew, The Roswell Report: Case Closed (U.S. Air Force, 1997), Project Gutenberg ebook 63659, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/63659/pg63659-images.html ↩
  4. Thomas J. Carey and Donald R. Schmitt, Inside the Real Area 51: The Secret History of Wright-Patterson (Career Press, 2013), chapter 2, "The Mystery of Hangar 18 Solved!" and chapter 5, "The Senator and the Blue Room," including the Blue Room correspondence of 1980 to 1991. ↩
  5. Timothy Good, Above Top Secret: The Worldwide UFO Cover-Up (New York: William Morrow, 1988), chapter 15, "Senator Goldwater Confirms Withheld UFO Data," pp. 404 to 405, reproducing Barry Goldwater's letters to Shlomo Arnon (March 28, 1975) and to Lee Graham (April 11, 1979 and October 19, 1981). ↩
  6. Carey and Schmitt, chapter 5, quoting the Larry King Live broadcast of October 1, 1994, CNN; Goldwater's 1988 radio statement is discussed in the same chapter. ↩
  7. George Knapp, written testimony, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf ↩
  8. National Air and Space Intelligence Center, "National Air and Space Intelligence Center Heritage," fact sheet published July 31, 2015, read from the Wayback Machine copy of https://www.nasic.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Article/611728/national-air-and-space-intelligence-center-heritage/ ↩
  9. Robert Collins and Richard Doty, Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs (Peregrine Communications, 2010), introduction and section 1, chapter 1, "FTD Is Not a Florist." ↩
  10. Robert Collins and Richard Doty, Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs, section 1, "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (Collins's account). ↩
  11. USAspending.gov, award GS05T13BMC0003, purchase order, funding office NASIC, recipient HII Mission Technologies Corp., retrieved October 9, 2026, https://www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_GS05T13BMC0003_4732_-NONE-_-NONE- ↩
  12. Jennie Zeidman, "I Remember Blue Book," International UFO Reporter, March/April 1991, sections "Project Henry" and the closing section on the Foreign Technology Division, read from the Wayback Machine copy of https://www.project1947.com/articles/jzbluebook.htm ↩
  13. TSgt Brandon Shapiro, "Acquire, Assess, Exploit: NASIC reverse engineers an advantage for pilots and leaders," Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, December 1, 2016, https://www.dvidshub.net/news/printable/216127 ↩
  14. Inspector General, Department of Defense, "Use of Foreign Materiel Exploitation Results," Audit Report No. 98-005, October 8, 1997, https://media.defense.gov/1997/Oct/08/2001715489/-1/-1/1/98-005.pdf ↩
  15. "EWD NOTES 10/16/02, Eric Davis Meeting with Adm. Wilson," p. 12, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wilsonleak.pdf ; The Black Vault, "The Admiral Wilson Leak: An Analysis" (statement of Thomas R. Wilson to Billy Cox of the Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 2020), https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/the-admiral-wilson-leak-an-analysis/ ↩
  16. Leslie Kean and Ross Coulthart, "Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin," The Debrief, June 5, 2023, https://thedebrief.org/intelligence-officials-say-u-s-has-retrieved-non-human-craft/ ↩
  17. Joseph Trevithick and Tyler Rogoway, "Aliens Or Not, Secret Crash Retrieval Programs Are A Very Real Thing," The War Zone, June 15, 2023, https://www.twz.com/aliens-or-not-secret-crash-retrieval-programs-are-a-very-real-thing ↩
  18. U.S. Air Force, Project Blue Book case file, "Project 10073 Record," April 17, 1966 sighting at Ravenna and Mantua, Ohio, including the Greater Pittsburgh Airport teletype, the Oakdale radar memorandum for the record and the Spaur report, National Archives microfilm T-1206 as digitized at https://archive.org/details/1966-04-7104469-Ravenna-Mantua-Ohio ↩
  19. Same case file, letter of May 1966 from Robert E. Cook, addressed to Congressman William Stanton (page 2 signed by Cook), reporting the Spaur and Neff pursuit and the Venus conclusion. ↩
  20. Same case file, clippings: Syracuse Herald-Journal, April 18, 1966, "UFO chased 86 miles" (Associated Press); the Mantua photograph account; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette clipping of April 19, 1966. ↩
  21. Same case file, "Report by Telephone Conversation," April 1966, with Sheriff Spaur, and the memorandum of the Air Force contact with the Mantua chief of police. ↩
  22. Same case file, photo analysis of the negative submitted by Chief of Police Gerald F. Buchert, April 1966 (Northeastern Ohio analysis), and the Summary section. ↩
  23. U.S. Air Force, Project Blue Book case file, Mansfield, Ohio, August 16, 1966 (ground-visual, one object), with letter of August 29, 1966 from Major Hector Quintanilla, Jr., Chief, Project Blue Book, https://archive.org/details/1966-08-8728405-Mansfield-Ohio ↩
  24. Air Technical Intelligence Center, Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14, "Analysis of Reports of Unidentified Aerial Objects," Study No. 102-EL-55/2-79, Project No. 10073, 5 May 1955, https://archive.org/details/ProjectBlueBookSpecialReport14 (cover, introduction and conclusions). ↩
  25. "Battelle Memorial Institute, Inc.," International Directory of Company Histories, Gale (entry reprinted at Reference for Business), https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/88/Battelle-Memorial-Institute-Inc.html (incorporation in 1925, first laboratory October 1929, Ohio Attorney General challenge and 1975 settlement). ↩
  26. Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Garden City: Doubleday, 1956), chapters nine and ten, Project Gutenberg ebook 17346, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17346/pg17346.txt ↩
  27. Department of Defense, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena, Volume I, February 2024, "Project BEAR (Late 1951 to Late 1954)," https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-CLEARED-508-COMPLIANT-HRRV1-08-MAR-2024-FINAL.PDF ↩
  28. F. C. Durant, "Report of Meetings of the Office of Scientific Intelligence Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," Central Intelligence Agency, 16 February 1953, Appendix U of the Condon Report, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-u.htm (Part I, Thursday morning; Tab C, "Evidence Presented"). ↩
  29. Chief, Intelligence Production Faculty, Intelligence School, Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum "Weekly Activities Report No. 36, 5-11 October 1960," 11 October 1960, CIA-RDP78-04836A000100040080-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04836a000100040080-9 ↩
  30. Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad, "U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits," The New York Times, September 4, 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/world/us-germ-warfare-research-pushes-treaty-limits.html ↩
  31. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management, "Columbus, Ohio, Sites: An MED/AEC legacy site," fact sheet, May 2020, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/05/f75/ColumbusFactSheet.pdf ↩
  32. United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, Special Political Committee, summary record of the 35th meeting, November 27, 1978, A/SPC/33/SR.35, paras. 18 to 21, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2FSPC%2F33%2FSR.35&l=en&t=pdf ↩
  33. United Press International, "Incident named after pilot," Mansfield News Journal, November 4, 1973, reproduced at https://ufologie.patrickgross.org/press/mansfieldnewsjournal4nov1973.htm ↩
  34. Patrick Gross, "The Coyne incident, Mansfield, Ohio, USA, 1973," case file, https://www.ufology.patrickgross.org/htm/coyne.htm (crew, rank and service summary; timeline; witness accounts). ↩
  35. Larry Fawcett and Barry Greenwood, Clear Intent (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1984), p. 239, as cited in Patrick Gross, "The Coyne incident, Mansfield, Ohio, USA, 1973," https://www.ufology.patrickgross.org/htm/coyne.htm ↩
  36. Jennie Zeidman, "Helicopter-UFO Encounter Over Ohio," Center for UFO Studies, Chicago, 1979, as cited in Patrick Gross, "The Coyne incident, Mansfield, Ohio, USA, 1973," https://www.ufology.patrickgross.org/htm/coyne.htm ↩
  37. The Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 18, ERIC ED083899, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED083899.pdf ↩
  38. Same report, Special Report on Kent State, pp. 289 to 290, ERIC ED083899, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED083899.pdf ↩
  39. Same report, Special Report on Kent State, pp. 279 to 280, ERIC ED083899, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED083899.pdf ↩
  40. Daniel Trotta, "Lawsuit extends fascination with Kent State deaths 46 years on," Reuters, May 4, 2016, https://news.yahoo.com/lawsuit-extends-fascination-kent-state-deaths-46-years-171552928.html ↩
  41. Congressional Record, vol. 156, no. 165, December 14, 2010, Extension of Remarks of Representative Dennis J. Kucinich, inserting "Truth Emerging in the Kent State Cold Case Homicide" by the co-founder of the Kent State Truth Tribunal, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2010-12-14/html/CREC-2010-12-14-pt1-PgE2124-3.htm ↩
  42. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Details on Iraq's Procurement Network," Congressional Record, House, August 10, 1992, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920810g.htm ↩
  43. Lacey, Frederick B. "The Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Investigation: Report of the Independent Counsel," reproduced in House Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, Serial No. 103-95. https://archive.org/details/testimonyofforme1994unit ↩
  44. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1 (decided May 15, 1911), statement of the bill ("Standard Oil Company of Ohio, and sixty-two other corporations and partnerships, as also seven individuals, were named as defendants"). https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/221/1 ↩
  45. State ex rel. Attorney General v. Standard Oil Co., 49 Ohio St. 137 (Ohio March 2, 1892), https://static.case.law/ohio-st/49/cases/0137-01.json ↩
  46. Facts Forum, pamphlet in reply to Representative Wayne Hays, c. 1954, reproduced in the FBI headquarters file on H.L. Hunt, part 1. ↩
  47. Sherrill, Robert G. "H.L. Hunt: Portrait of a Superpatriot," The Nation, February 24, 1964. ↩
  48. Kegler, Charles J., and Loriann E. Fuhrer. Independent Review of Jeffrey Epstein's Involvement and Interactions with The Wexner Foundation. Kegler Brown Hill + Ritter Co., LPA, February 24, 2020, pp. 1-18. https://www.wexnerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Wexner-Foundation-Report-Following-Independent-Review4.pdf ↩
  49. The Times of Israel, on the Wexner Foundation's statement that its 2.3 million dollars to Barak paid for two reports, one unfinished. https://www.timesofisrael.com/wexner-foundation-2-3-million-to-barak-was-for-2-reports-1-wasnt-finished/ ↩
  50. Complaint, Farmer v. United States, No. 1:25-cv-01709-RBW (D.D.C. filed May 29, 2025), paras. 95 to 104, https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Doc-1-Complaint-05-29-2025.pdf ↩
  51. Gambling Insider, report on the March 9, 2026 denial of Kalshi's preliminary injunction in the Southern District of Ohio, https://www.gamblinginsider.com/news/117023/kalshi-ohio-injunction-sixth-circuit-split-jpg ; KalshiEX LLC v. Schuler, Nos. 26-3196/5235 (6th Cir. Sept. 25, 2026), procedural history. ↩
  52. KalshiEX LLC v. Schuler, Nos. 26-3196/5235, and KalshiEX LLC v. Orgel (6th Cir. September 25, 2026) (Clay, Gibbons and Bloomekatz; opinion by Gibbons; argued July 30, 2026; S.D. Ohio No. 2:25-cv-01165, Judge Morrison; M.D. Tenn. No. 3:26-cv-00034, Judge Trauger). https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/26a0272p-06.pdf Gambling Insider reports the March 9, 2026 denial of the preliminary injunction (note 51). ↩
  53. Covers, "Ohio Sends Cease-and-Desists to 10 Prediction Market Companies," October 5, 2026 (notices dated October 2; Kalshi not among them; "Kalshi, which sued Ohio in 2025, was fined $5 million by the Buckeye State in April"). https://www.covers.com/industry/ohio-regulator-sends-cease-and-desist-notices-to-10-prediction-market-companies-oct-5-2026 ; Gambling Insider on the March 9, 2026 denial and the April 2025 letters. https://www.gamblinginsider.com/news/117023/kalshi-ohio-injunction-sixth-circuit-split-jpg ↩
  54. U.S. Senate Lobbying Disclosure Act database, 75 filings with client "Kalshi," queried October 13, 2026, with covered positions and amounts as listed on each filing: https://lda.senate.gov/api/v1/filings/?client_name=Kalshi ; registrant record, Kalshi Inc., LDA ID 401109813, https://lda.senate.gov/api/v1/registrants/401109813/ ↩
  55. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, Roll Call 289, H.R. 4405, "On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass," November 18, 2025. https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2025289 ; Congressional Record, vol. 171, November 18, 2025, H4725. https://www.congress.gov/119/crec/2025/11/18/171/194/modified/CREC-2025-11-18-pt1-PgH4725-2.htm ↩
  56. "NASIC picks Radiance for $960 Million Advanced Technical Exploitation Program II," Radiance Technologies, October 6, 2014, Internet Archive capture of February 1, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160201010423/https://www.radiancetech.com/nasic-picks-radiance-for-960-million-advanced-technical-exploitation-program-ii/ ↩
  57. Federal Election Commission, committee C00373001 (Citizens for Turner, Ohio, candidate H2OH03067) and Schedule B disbursements of committee C00372979 (Radiance Technologies, Inc. Political Action Committee), https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_b/?committee_id=C00372979 ↩
  58. Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023, https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down ↩
  59. A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996. ↩
  60. "Stephen R. Kappes," Central Intelligence Agency, About CIA, Leadership, posted April 5, 2007, last updated April 15, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070612215306/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership/kappes.html ↩
  61. Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.; O'Neill, Tom, and Dan Piepenbring. Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties. Little, Brown and Company, 2019. ↩
  62. "The billionaire who fueled JD Vance's rapid rise to the Trump VP spot." CBS News, 2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jd-vance-trump-vp-peter-thiel-billionaire/ ↩
  63. "Super PAC discloses raising, spending millions helping J.D. Vance," Cleveland.com, July 2022, https://www.cleveland.com/news/2022/07/super-pac-discloses-raising-spending-millions-helping-jd-vance-win-ohios-us-senate-republican-primary.html ; "Peter Thiel-tied dark money group helping bankroll super PAC," OpenSecrets, February 2022, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2022/02/peter-thiel-tied-dark-money-group-helping-bankroll-super-pac-spending-on-2022-election/ ↩
  64. "Super PAC supporting potential Senate candidate J.D. Vance gets $10M donation from Peter Thiel." Cincinnati Enquirer, March 15, 2021. https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/03/15/super-pac-supporting-possible-ohio-senate-candidate-j-d-vance-gets-10-m-donation-peter-thiel/4700540001/ ↩
  65. "A mole hunt, a secret website and Peter Thiel's big risk: How J.D. Vance won the Ohio primary." Politico, May 3, 2022. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/03/jd-vance-win-ohio-primary-00029881 ↩
  66. Federal Election Commission, committees C00928374 ("Jobs and Democracy PAC") and C00928390 ("Defending Our Values PAC"), financial totals and independent expenditures (Schedule E), including the by-candidate aggregation for Alex Bores, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://www.fec.gov/data/independent-expenditures/?committee_id=C00928374 ; https://www.fec.gov/data/independent-expenditures/?committee_id=C00928390 ↩
  67. United Press International, report on the dismissal of Nicholas Davies, October 29, 1991. ↩

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