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Goodwin Watson

Social psychologist at Teachers College, Columbia University, who headed the Analysis Division of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service until 1943, when Section 304 barred him from federal pay.

Also known as
Goodwin B. Watson, Goodwin Barbour Watson, Dr. Goodwin Watson, Dr. Goodwin B. Watson
Dates
1899–1976
Location
New York City; Washington, D.C.
Mentioned on
10 pages
Last edited

Goodwin Watson (1899-1976) was a social psychologist and professor at Teachers College, Columbia University, who headed the Analysis Division of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (FBIS) from November 1941 until November 1943. In 1943 a special subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee found him unfit for federal employment, and the Supreme Court later held the rider that cut off his pay to be a bill of attainder in United States v. Lovett.1

Education and early writing

Watson was born in Whitewater, Wisconsin. He testified in 1943 that he was educated at the State Teachers College at Whitewater, the University of Wisconsin, Denver University, Union Theological Seminary, Columbia University, the University of Berlin and the University of Vienna, that he had served as a Methodist minister and as a director of religious education, that he had taught religious education at Union Theological Seminary, and that he had spent 17 years at Teachers College as instructor, assistant professor and professor.2

His catalogued titles begin with The Measurement of Fair-Mindedness (1925) and Educational Problems for Psychological Study (1930), and continue through Redirecting Teacher Education (1938).3 His own list of ten books adds Case Studies for Teachers of Religion, Experimentation and Measurement in Religious Education (1927), Tests of Personality and Character (1932) and Human Resources (1936, prepared for the American Council on Education). His 1927 study of American attitudes toward Oriental peoples, Orient and Occident, was a research project for the Institute of Pacific Relations.4

In 1939 the Council for Pan American Democracy sent a delegation to Mexico. Watson chaired its education subcommittee, and his report was issued by the council as Education and Social Welfare in Mexico, which identifies him as a professor of education at Teachers College.5

New America and Consumers Union

Watson testified that he returned from a visit to Germany in 1933, after Hitler had come to power, and that New America was his attempt to give young Americans an alternative to both the Socialist Party and the Communist Party, with one goal, the introduction of "scientific planning of our economic life under democratic political controls." His first step was a speech to the students of New College at Teachers College. The group that formed around him, Forward America, merged with Young America, headed by a young man named Elliston and led in activity by Richard Storrs Childs, to form New America. Its policy council included Harry F. Ward, a professor of Christian ethics, and Thomas Wright, a New Jersey pastor. Watson described the membership as idealistic young people and "tired radicals," and said a cleavage between Ward and Wright on one side and himself on the other over method led him to drop out late in 1937 and to resign in the summer of 1938.6

He testified that he was on the board of Consumers Union, that Edward Adams had approached him about standing for it, and that its directors were elected by mail by the membership. He sponsored the American Investors Union, which he described as a development of Consumers Union, and said he had no further connection with it.7

In August 1934 Common Sense published his article "The Great Choice: Reformation or Transformation?"8

Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues

In September 1940 the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) appointed a Committee on Morale under Gardner Murphy. In September 1941 the society postponed other yearbooks to concentrate on civilian morale and named Watson editor. The volume was planned with Kurt Lewin, then the society's president, and Theodore Newcomb, its secretary. The resulting Civilian Morale, the society's second yearbook, drew on a round table held in 1941 whose participants included Rensis Likert, Gregory Bateson, Paul Lazarsfeld and Lewin. Watson wrote the round table's summary, in which he was identified as "now with the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service."9 By his own account he also wrote the volume's chapters on the factors in morale, on morale and labor unions, and on morale among the unemployed of 1934.4

The historian Ian Nicholson calls Watson "SPSSI's first president" in a 1998 article in the Journal of Social Issues.10 A 2011 TC Today photograph caption describes him as the "founder of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues."11 The 1942 volume names Lewin as the society's president when the book was planned.9

Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, 1941 to 1943

Lloyd Free and Harold Graves recruited Watson for the service. Graves announced in October 1941 that the "eminent social psychologist of Columbia University" would accept a P-6 grade and head the Analysis Section.12 Watson accepted in a letter dated October 22, 1941, which read in part that "the urgency of the world crisis and the importance of the analysis of broadcasts have grown in my thinking to outweigh my doubts and reservations."13

Watson testified in April 1943 that he had been connected with the Federal Communications Commission "Since November 15, 1941," that he was responsible for about 40 people, and that the division's weekly and special reports went to the State Department, Military Intelligence, Naval Intelligence and the Lend-Lease Administration. He gave the division's output as 70 issues of the Weekly Review of Official Foreign Broadcasts, 18 issues of the Radio Report on the Far East, 13 issues of the Central European Radio Analysis and some 70 special reports, written for agencies that included the Office of Strategic Services, the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and the Board of Economic Warfare.14

A records description of the service gives November 15, 1941 as the start of his directorship of the Analysis Division and November 15, 1943 as the day Newcomb succeeded him.15 A CIA history states that on November 17, 1941 he "became the first chief of the analysis section."16 Newcomb was second only to Watson in the division by February 1943.17 Daniel Bessner's dissertation on Hans Speier states that after Watson left under pressure Speier became the service's Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people, citing a Newcomb letter of December 4, 1943.18

In September 1942 Watson and Nathan Leites went to London to set up an analysis operation working with the Office of War Information. Watson remained there only a short time, and a two-man staff stayed through the war.19 From London he called the BBC monitoring system inadequate, because British and American interests were often at variance, and recommended FBIS posts in Cairo, New Delhi, Melbourne, Chungking, Vladivostok, Stockholm, Gibraltar and Istanbul. A November 1942 memorandum by Graves called the recommendation "not feasible."20 Earlier in 1942 he told the Portland office that its Chinese and Russian copy fell far short of what the analysts needed (March 23) and told Free that the BBC was not covering the required programs and that the only solution was monitoring in England for about 20 hours of broadcasts daily (April 4).21

On December 30, 1942 Watson proposed distributing FBIS analysts among other offices, to bring them "closer to the people who use our findings."22 In April 1943 an agreement moved the Analysis Division into the Social Security Building, where OWI was housed.22 On January 19, 1943 he wrote that the division was already working an average of 50 hours a week, so that a staff cut was the only answer to a pay-raise limit.23 As late as November 5, 1943 he wrote to the San Francisco bureau's Bradford Coolidge that analysis would be developed there, after conferences involving Owen Lattimore, then newly named head of the West Coast OWI, Robert D. Leigh and Audrey Menefee.24

Watson's correspondence reached other agencies. On July 7, 1942 he wrote to Nelson Rockefeller about an offer that the CIAA had made to the FBIS analyst John W. Gardner. He wrote that the service was reluctant to let Gardner go, and that the two offices should decide where he could do the most good. On February 8, 1943 he answered an OSS request that would have required two more analysts, and suggested a letter to help FBIS obtain supplemental funds.25 Watson was one of the two creators of Central European Radio Analysis, and Frederick L. Schuman left Williams College in October 1942 to join the division's German Section.26

Frank B. Keefe later told the House that Watson's division analyzed the broadcasts from foreign countries and interpreted them "for our Army and Navy."27

Charges before the House, 1941 to 1943

Martin Dies, chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), wrote to James L. Fly of the Federal Communications Commission on November 18, 1941, expressing "deep concern" over the selection of a man who had "been a propagandist for communism and for the Soviet Union for many years." Dies named thirteen organizations he called communist fronts and said Watson belonged to all of them. Fly replied that Watson belonged to one of them, Consumers Union, which he described as "a respected research organ." Fly also said that of some 200 published articles by Watson, only two or three concerned the Soviet Union, and those were objective studies.28

The House attached a rider barring Watson's salary to an appropriation bill, and the Senate Appropriations Committee deleted it. Watson testified before that committee on February 4, 1942. Afterward he wrote that no senator had charged him with being a communist, though there was "considerable hostility" to his "socialistic views," which he called a "new standard" for federal employment.29

On January 19, 1943 Hamilton Fish III read into the House record a list of Watson's affiliations from 1936 to 1939, describing him as a man who "comes from Warwick in my district." The list included an advisory committee of Reconciliation Trips to the U.S.S.R.; an advisory board of the American Students Union; a directorship of Consumers Union, which Fish described as "radical, left-wingers, and Communists"; leadership of the Open Road, which Fish said sponsored trips to the Soviet Union; a 1939 petition against the Dies committee; an endorsement for the American League for Peace and Democracy; and a 1938 speech to teachers sponsored by Teachers College, as reported by the New York Herald Tribune on June 29, 1938. Fish also quoted a speech of November 28, 1941 in which Dies told the House that he had informed Fly that Watson had "probably associated himself with a large number of front organizations of the Communist Party." Each entry is Fish's characterization.30

On February 1, 1943 Dies gave a House speech attacking thirty-nine employees, among them Watson, Schuman and William E. Dodd Jr. Dies called Watson "Chief Broadcast Analyst of the Federal Communications Commission, at a salary of $6,500," said the salary had been raised from $5,600 after the House once refused to pay it, and cited a World Tomorrow article and a Common Sense article in which, he said, Watson favored "a sudden, complete, and violent, that is, Communist, change from our present form of society to a Socialist society." He said that four folders of exhibits documented "Goodwin Watson's Communist views and affiliations." He also said that Dodd had been refused a State Department visa on the basis of "information furnished the Department by our committee and F. B. I." The speech described the men as "irresponsible, unrepresentative, crackpot, radical bureaucrats." Dodd, Watson and Schuman headed the list.31 The same period brought House attacks on other FBIS employees, Peter Rhodes, Menefee and Speier.32

On February 4, 1943 Joe Hendricks of Florida gave notice of an amendment to the Post Office and Treasury appropriation bill forbidding the use of its funds to pay thirty-nine named employees, including "Goodwin B. Watson," Schuman and Dodd. On February 5 the House, sitting as the Committee of the Whole, rejected the amendment, 130 to 137 on a division and 146 to 153 on tellers, and then agreed, 163 to 111 on tellers, to a separate amendment naming only William Pickens.33

On March 31, 1943, in a House exchange with a California member over a claim Dies disputed, Dies said that "We were investigating Goodwin Watson and Fred Shuman" and that a subcommittee headed by Joe Starnes of Alabama, whom he called his "distinguished and able colleague," would make a report.34

The Appropriations subcommittee, 1943

House Resolution 105, adopted February 9, 1943, authorized the Committee on Appropriations, "acting through a special subcommittee," to examine charges that employees were unfit by reason of present or past association with organizations whose aims were subversive to the government. The subcommittee was John H. Kerr of North Carolina (chairman), Albert Gore of Tennessee, Clinton P. Anderson of New Mexico, D. Lane Powers of New Jersey and Keefe; its counsel was Major Matt H. Allen of North Carolina. Its first sitting was on Friday, April 9, 1943, and Watson testified over several sittings.35 The hearings were held in secret executive session. The accused were permitted to testify, the lawyers of their employing agencies were excluded, and the evidence came "largely" from reports of the Dies Committee and from FBI reports "treated as too confidential to be made public."1

On April 7, 1943 Kerr told the House that the committee had been asking for six weeks for the full evidence and had been able to get it for only "3 of the 38 men who are charged in this resolution." Dies replied, "You have evidence on 10."36

Watson opened with a written statement. It reported letters or telegrams from psychologists including Harold Lasswell, Hadley Cantril, Gordon Allport, Henry A. Murray, Gardner Murphy and J. B. Rhine, a letter from Teachers College's dean, William F. Russell, a petition of 57 signers and a protest signed by 188 students, and a resolution of the Eastern Sociological Society dated April 25, 1942.37 It listed 36 organizations in which he had paid dues, attended conventions, held office or given time, among them the Committee for National Morale, the Institute for Propaganda Analysis, the Foreign Policy Association, the American Civil Liberties Union, New America and Consumers Union, and stated that he had never been a member of an organization known to him to be communist in origin or control.38

On "The Great Choice," exhibited as charge 18, Watson testified that it was the most radical article he had written, nine years earlier, that it argued for thorough and fundamental change that was peaceful and legal, that it was an academic idea that had appealed to him at the time, and that "I do not now believe it to be true." Keefe asked whether Watson had ever written an article disavowing it, and Watson answered that he had not. Keefe also asked whether a Congress "having the interests and welfare of the American way at heart" would be justified in calling a person to account for writings advocating "the destruction of the profit system," and Watson answered "Yes; I would." Asked whether such writings, standing alone, should put a government on notice and demand some investigation, he answered "I would think so."8

The subcommittee reported on April 21, 1943. It described its work as "in the nature of an inquest of office," adopted a definition of subversive activity as "conduct intentionally destructive of or inimical to the Government of the United States," and listed twelve organizations with which Watson had admitted association: the American League for Peace and Democracy, the American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, the American Student Union, the American Youth Congress, the Conference on Pan-American Democracy, Consumers Union, the Coordinating Committee to Lift the Embargo, the Descendants of the American Revolution, the International Workers Order, the League of American Writers, the National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights, and the Medical Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy. It stated that these organizations had not been adjudged subversive by the courts or by Congress. It found that Watson had associated with men and associations whose aims were subversive, had written articles for magazines "reputedly controlled by subversive interests," and had criticized the profit system and advocated its overthrow, and concluded that his membership and association and his views as expressed in his writings "constitute subversive activity within the definition adopted by your committee," so that he was "unfit for the present to continue in Government employment." The same report found insufficient evidence to recommend that Schuman be held unfit, and found Dodd unfit. The Committee on Appropriations approved the findings and directed the offering of an amendment to the urgent deficiency appropriation bill, H.R. 2714.39

Section 304 and the November 1943 cutoff

On May 17, 1943 Keefe read excerpts of Watson's testimony to the House. In the course of the reading he quoted Watson's 1934 article and said that when Watson was asked about it, Watson answered "I just do not believe in that any more. That was the effusion of an academic mind written in 1934," and "I disavow myself of that sort of philosophy."40

The text of Section 304 as proposed in the committee's report barred payment of the salaries of Watson, Dodd and Robert Morss Lovett without a date or a reappointment clause.39 The version the House attached to the Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943 barred payment from appropriated funds after November 15, 1943 to Lovett, Watson and Dodd, unless the President had appointed them with the advice and consent of the Senate, and excepted accrued leave and salary and payment for service on a jury or in the armed forces.1 On May 18, 1943 Kerr told the House that these employees "have no property rights in their offices" and that "One Congress can take away their rights given them by another."41

The Senate Appropriations Committee eliminated the provision and the Senate sustained that action. After the first conference report the Senate voted 69 to 0 against a report that kept it, the House insisted, and the Senate adopted it after the fifth conference report.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill and stated that the Senate had "yielded, as I have been forced to yield, to avoid delaying our conduct of the war," and that the provision was "not only unwise and discriminatory, but unconstitutional."1

Watson and Dodd kept working for a few days after the cutoff "to establish a court case" before they resigned. Schuman had already resigned and returned to Williams College.42

United States v. Lovett, 1946

Lovett, Watson and Dodd sued in the United States Court of Claims for pay for work performed after November 15, 1943, while the agencies kept them at work for varying periods. Two judges of that court had read Section 304 as "a mere stoppage of disbursing routine, nothing more."1

The Supreme Court heard argument on May 3 to 6, 1946 and decided the case on June 3, 1946. Justice Hugo Black, writing for the Court, held that Section 304 "falls precisely within the category of Congressional actions which the Constitution barred" as bills of attainder, and that it "operates as a legislative decree of perpetual exclusion" from government service. He wrote that "This permanent proscription from any opportunity to serve the Government is punishment, and of a most severe type." Black concluded that "legislative trials and punishments were too dangerous to liberty to exist in the nation of free men they envisioned. And so they proscribed bills of attainder. Section 304 is one."1

The judgment in favor of Lovett, Watson and Dodd was affirmed. Justice Felix Frankfurter, joined by Justice Stanley Reed, concurred on the ground that the Court should avoid the constitutional questions, and Justice Robert H. Jackson took no part.1

Later career and publications

Watson's later titles include Youth After Conflict (Association Press, 1947), Action for Unity (Harper and Brothers, 1947, with a 1946 edition issued by the Office of Jewish Information), Some Hypotheses Concerning Social Change (Teachers College, 1950), What Psychology Can We Trust? (Teachers College, 1961), No Room at the Bottom (Project on the Educational Implications of Automation, National Education Association, 1963), and Social Psychology: Issues and Insights (Lippincott, 1966).34344

He edited Concepts for Social Change, published by the National Training Laboratories in 1967.45 The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science was founded in 1965 under Watson's editorship, according to Teachers College.46

In April 1967 the United States Office of Education published Innovation in Higher Education: Developments, Research, and Priorities, produced under a contract with Duke University, with sections by Samuel Baskin, Sister Patricia Jean Manion, Watson and James P. Dixon. Watson wrote the third section, "Innovation: Processes, Practice, and Research." The volume identified him as Distinguished Service Professor and Director of Applied Behavioral Sciences at Newark State College and as serving part-time as Associate Director for Program Development and Research of the Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education, whose president was Baskin.47 The Union's published history dates its founding to 1964 by ten college presidents, names Baskin as first president in 1965, and records the 1969 adoption of the name Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities.48 The publisher Pearson states that Watson was "the founder of the Union Graduate School" and "Chief of the Analysis Division of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service."49

An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 1979.50

Relationships 15

Employed by
  • Teachers College, instructor, assistant professor and professor of education and social psychology; on leave from November 19412
  • Columbia University, from 1941, social psychologist of Columbia University, announced as head of the FBIS Analysis Section in October 194130
  • Federal Communications Commission, 1941–1943, described in the Dies speech of February 1, 1943 as Chief Broadcast Analyst of the commission31
  • Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, 1941–1943, Head of the Analysis Section, later Analysis Division24
  • Newark State College, from 1967, Distinguished Service Professor and Director of Applied Behavioral Sciences, as listed in April 196747
  • Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education, from 1967, part-time Associate Director for Program Development and Research, as listed in April 196747
Head of
Member of
  • Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, described as the society's first president by Nicholson (1998) and as its founder by TC Today (2011); editor of Civilian Morale, the second yearbook (1942)10
Took part in
  • Council for Pan American Democracy, from 1939, chairman of the education subcommittee of the 1939 delegation to Mexico5
  • United States v. Lovett, from 1946, respondent; the Supreme Court affirmed judgment in his favor on June 3, 19461
Director of
  • Consumers Union, board member, by his own sworn testimony of April 1943; Fish's 1943 list dated a directorship to 19387
Founded
  • New America, 1934–1938, organizer and policy council member; resigned in the summer of 19386
Subject of
  • Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943, from 1943, named in Section 304, which barred payment after November 15, 19431
Investigated by
  • House Un-American Activities Committee, 1941–1943, charges made by chairman Martin Dies from November 194128
  • House Appropriations Committee, 1943, special subcommittee under H. Res. 105 (Kerr, chairman); hearings from April 9, 1943; report of April 21, 1943 finding him unfit39

Sources

  1. United States v. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), argued May 3 to 6 and decided June 3, 1946 (Black, J., for the Court; Frankfurter, J., joined by Reed, J., concurring; Jackson, J., took no part). Statement of facts, the special subcommittee, H. Rep. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., the text of Section 304 (57 Stat. 431, 450), the Senate votes (89 Cong. Rec. 5024), the President's statement (H. Doc. No. 264), the Court of Claims decision (66 F. Supp. 142, 104 Ct. Cl. 557), and the opinion quotations. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303 ↩
  2. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), p. 2 (Watson's sworn account of his birth at Whitewater, Wisconsin, his schooling at the State Teachers College at Whitewater, the University of Wisconsin, Denver University, Union Theological Seminary, Columbia, Berlin and Vienna, his service as a Methodist minister, director of religious education and instructor in religious education at Union Theological Seminary, and 17 years at Teachers College). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  3. Library of Congress name authority heading "Watson, Goodwin, 1899-1976," with catalog records for the titles named on this page (including the 1950 and 1961 Teachers College titles and the 1946 Office of Jewish Information edition of Action for Unity). https://id.loc.gov/search/?q=Watson%2C+Goodwin%2C+1899-1976 ↩
  4. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 6-7 (Watson's statement listing ten books and monographs with dates: The Measurement of Fair Mindedness, 1925; Case Studies for Teachers of Religion; Experimentation and Measurement in Religious Education, 1927; Orient and Occident, 1927, a research project for the Institute of Pacific Relations; Educational Problems for Psychological Study, 1930; Tests of Personality and Character, 1932; Human Resources, 1936, prepared for the American Council on Education; Redirecting Teacher Education, 1938; Education and Social Welfare in Mexico, 1939; Psychology of Civilian Morale, 1942). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  5. Goodwin Watson, Education and Social Welfare in Mexico (New York: Council for Pan American Democracy; title page dated 1939, with "A report prepared for the Council for Pan American Democracy, January, 1940"). The front matter describes the 1939 delegation, names Watson as chairman of its education subcommittee, and identifies him as professor of education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://archive.org/details/educationsocialw00wats_0 ↩
  6. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 82-85 (Watson's testimony on New America: his 1933 visit to Germany, the speech to the students of New College, the merger of Forward America and Young America, the policy council with Harry F. Ward and Thomas Wright, the cleavage, his withdrawal late in 1937 and resignation in the summer of 1938; his dates of activity, "From 1934 to 1937-38"). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  7. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 31 and 61 (Watson: "I was on the board of Consumers Union"; the American Investors Union as a development of Consumers Union; Edward Adams's approach to him about the board; election of directors by mail by the membership). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  8. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 100-105 and 118-119 (exhibits 56 to 58, "The Great Choice," Common Sense, August 1934; Watson's answers, including "I do not now believe it to be true"; Keefe's questions and Watson's answers on disavowal and on a Congress calling a person to account). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  9. Goodwin Watson, ed., Civilian Morale, Second Yearbook of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1942): preface (Committee on Morale under Gardner Murphy appointed September 1940; SPSSI decision of September 1941; Watson as editor; planning with Lewin as president and Newcomb as secretary; first yearbook, Industrial Conflict, 1940, edited by George W. Hartmann and Theodore M. Newcomb), the contents and index (Watson's chapters), and the round-table note (participants Likert, Bateson, Lazarsfeld, Lewin, and Watson "now with the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service"). https://archive.org/details/civilianmorale00socirich ↩
  10. Ian Nicholson, "'The Approved Bureaucratic Torpor': Goodwin Watson, Critical Psychology, and the Dilemmas of Expertise, 1930-1945," Journal of Social Issues 54, no. 1 (1998): 29-52, abstract ("SPSSI's first president, Goodwin Watson"). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01207.x ↩
  11. TC Today, Fall/Winter 2011, vol. 36, no. 1 (Teachers College, Columbia University), article on the history of the psychology faculty; photograph caption "Goodwin Watson, founder of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues." https://www.tc.edu/newsroom/publications/tc-today/2011/volume-36-no-1/280_TCTodayFallWinter2011.pdf ↩
  12. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 14 (Graves's October 1941 announcement, the P-6 grade, and "eminent social psychologist of Columbia University"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  13. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 189 (Watson's letter to Free of October 22, 1941; entry on duty November 17, 1941; Dies to Fly, November 18, 1941). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  14. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 2-4 (Watson, sworn: connected with the Federal Communications Commission "Since November 15, 1941"; in charge of the Analysis Division, responsible for about 40 people; the weekly reports to the State Department, Military Intelligence, Naval Intelligence and the Lend-Lease Administration; his statement of 70 issues of the Weekly Review of Official Foreign Broadcasts, 18 issues of the Radio Report on the Far East, 13 issues of the Central European Radio Analysis and some 70 special reports, for agencies including the Office of Strategic Services, the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and the Board of Economic Warfare). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  15. CIA Reading Room, Records of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (National Archives records description, compiled by Walter W. Weinstein): "Goodwin Watson was Director of the Division from November 15, 1941, until November 15, 1943, when he was succeeded by Theodore Newcomb." The same description states that the division was set up as a section in the fall of 1941. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp08t00376r000100250001-1 ↩
  16. CIA Reading Room 0000624360, Listening to the World for 50 Years: "On 17 November, Dr. Goodwin Watson, a social psychologist from Columbia University, became the first chief of the analysis section." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000624360 ↩
  17. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 122 (Newcomb, "who was second only to Watson in the Analysis Division," in a note of February 15, 1943). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  18. Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman" (Duke University dissertation on Hans Speier), p. 138 (Watson left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal and Speier became Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people; note 70) and p. 143 ("Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst," note 90, citing Theodore Newcomb to Colonel S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943, RG 262, Entry 73, Box 35, and Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). ↩
  19. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942; "Watson remained in London only a short time, but a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  20. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 58 (Watson's memorandum to Graves of April 27, 1942; his London memorandum on the BBC monitoring system and his list of posts; Graves's memorandum to Leigh of November 17, 1942, calling the recommendation "not feasible"; the Bureau of the Budget's disallowance of funds for expansion of the Analysis Division). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  21. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 39 and 45 (Watson to the Portland office, March 23, 1942; Watson to Free, April 4, 1942). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  22. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 121-122 (Watson's letter of December 30, 1942 to Ralph Casey; the April 19, 1943 agreement and the move of the Analysis Division to the Social Security Building, where OWI was housed). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  23. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 189 (Watson's letter of January 19, 1943 on overtime pay: the Analysis Division was working an average of 50 hours a week, as the text prints it, so the only solution was to cut the staff). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  24. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 128 (Watson to Bradford Coolidge, November 5, 1943, on developing analysis in the San Francisco bureau, after conferences involving Owen Lattimore, Leigh and Audrey Menefee). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  25. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 218-219 (Watson to Nelson Rockefeller, July 7, 1942, on the CIAA offer to John W. Gardner); p. 160 (Watson's February 8, 1943 reply to an OSS request requiring two more analysts, and his suggestion of a letter to help FBIS obtain supplemental funds). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  26. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001): the passage on the Dies charges and FBIS; note 32 (Watson as "one of the two creators" of Central European Radio Analysis, citing FBIS, On the Beam, 15 February 1943, p. 8); and the October 1942 move of Schuman to the Analysis Division's German Section. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/fbis-against-the-axis.pdf ↩
  27. Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe in reply to Rep. Woodrum: Watson "analyzes and writes the broadcasts coming from foreign countries and interprets them for our Army and Navy"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89 ↩
  28. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 189-190 (Dies to Fly, November 18, 1941; Fly's reply naming Consumers Union and the count of 200 articles; "a respected research organ" as Roop prints it). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  29. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 190-191 (Senate Appropriations Committee deletion of the rider; Watson's testimony of February 4, 1942; his letter of February 10, 1942, with "considerable hostility," "socialistic views" and "new standard"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  30. Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 233-234 (House, January 19, 1943, Rep. Fish: Watson, "Chief, Analysis Division, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, who comes from Warwick in my district"; the list of affiliations for 1936 to 1939 including the New York Herald Tribune item of June 29, 1938; Fish's quotation of Dies's speech of November 28, 1941). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89 ↩
  31. Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 478-480 (House, February 1, 1943, Rep. Dies's speech: the Watson passage with the $6,500 salary, the raise from $5,600, the World Tomorrow and Common Sense articles, the four folders of exhibits, and the Dodd visa passage); Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192 (39 "communists"; "at the head of the list were Dodd, Watson, and Schumann"); United States v. Lovett (Dies's description of the 39 as "irresponsible, unrepresentative, crackpot, radical bureaucrats"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89 ↩
  32. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 193 (attacks in the House on Peter Rhodes, Audrey Menefee and Hans Speier). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  33. Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 623-624 (House, February 4, 1943, Rep. Hendricks's notice of an amendment naming William Pickens, Frederick L. Schuman, Goodwin B. Watson, William E. Dodd, Jr., Robert Morss Lovett and others to the Post Office and Treasury appropriation bill); pp. 645, 655 and 656 (House, February 5, 1943: the amendment offered; the division of 130 to 137 and the tellers' count of 146 to 153 rejecting it; the separate amendment concerning William Pickens agreed to on tellers, 163 to 111). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-06-march-01-1943_89. Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192, states that "a rider immediately was attached" denying payment to any employee on the list. ↩
  34. Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 2788-2789 (House, March 31, 1943; the page 2788 header reads March 31; Dies's remarks following Rep. Rogers of California: "We were investigating Goodwin Watson and Fred Shuman, who work for the F. C. C." and "A subcommittee headed by my distinguished and able colleague from Alabama [Mr. Starnes] will make a report"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_march-02-april-05-1943_89 ↩
  35. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. iii-v (H. Res. 105, adopted February 9, 1943, authorizing "the Committee on Appropriations, acting through a special subcommittee"; membership Kerr, Gore, Anderson of New Mexico, Powers and Keefe; counsel Maj. Matt H. Allen; first sitting Friday, April 9, 1943, in room 449 of the Old House Office Building). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett. Roop, Part I, p. 192, states that the subcommittee "was named by the Un-American Activities Committee." ↩
  36. Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 3068 (House, April 7, 1943, Rep. Kerr and Rep. Dies). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_april-06-may-13-1943_89 ↩
  37. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 4-6 (Watson's statement: Dean William F. Russell's letter, the 57 signers, the 188 students, the psychologists who wrote, the educators, and the Eastern Sociological Society resolution of April 25, 1942). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  38. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 8-9 (Watson's list of 36 organizations in which he paid dues, attended conventions, held office or gave time; his statement that he was never a member of an organization known to him to be communist in origin or control). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  39. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), Appendix D, H. Rept. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. (May 14, 1943), pp. 327-334, with the subcommittee report of April 21, 1943 (the "inquest of office"; the definition of subversive activity; the twelve organizations; the findings on Watson, Schuman and Dodd; the proposed text of Section 304). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett ↩
  40. Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe's reading of Watson's testimony and of the 1934 article "The Great Choice, Reformation or Transformation"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89 ↩
  41. Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 4583 (House, May 18, 1943, Rep. Kerr on Section 304; page as cited in United States v. Lovett). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89 ↩
  42. Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 193 and note (the two men's work after the cutoff and their resignations; Schuman's earlier resignation and return to Williams College; the note prints the effective date as 21 November 1943, against the November 15, 1943 date in the statute as quoted in United States v. Lovett; the Senate approving the rider "4 8 to 32" after four votes against, as the text prints it, against the Senate vote of 69 to 0 on an earlier conference report recorded in Lovett). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 ↩
  43. Youth After Conflict (New York: Association Press, 1947), https://archive.org/details/youthafterconfli0000good; Action for Unity (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1947), https://archive.org/details/actionforunity0000good ↩
  44. Social Psychology: Issues and Insights (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1966), https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology0000good; No Room at the Bottom (Project on the Educational Implications of Automation, National Education Association, 1963), https://archive.org/details/noroomatbottomau0000good ↩
  45. Concepts for Social Change, ed. Goodwin Watson (National Training Laboratories, National Education Association, 1967), catalog metadata. https://archive.org/details/conceptsforsocia0000edit ↩
  46. Teachers College, Columbia University, annual report 2010, "Bringing It All Back Home" (the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, "founded in 1965 under the editorship of TC psychology professor Goodwin Watson"). https://www.tc.edu/newsroom/publications/annual-report/2010/articles/bringing-it-all-back-home/ ↩
  47. Samuel Baskin, Sister Patricia Jean Manion, Goodwin Watson and James P. Dixon, Innovation in Higher Education: Developments, Research, and Priorities, New Dimensions in Higher Education no. 19, ed. Everett H. Hopkins (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, April 1967; Duke University, contract OEC-2-6-061722-1742), "About the Authors" (p. iii) and Watson's section III, "Innovation: Processes, Practice, and Research" (pp. 66-82). ERIC ED013380. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED013380.pdf ↩
  48. Union Institute & University, "History" (captured by the Internet Archive in 2023 and 2024): "1964 Founded as the Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education (UREHE) by 10 college presidents. Royce (Tim) Pitkin named first chairman. 1965 The UREHE consortium was first headquartered in Yellow Springs, OH., Antioch faculty member Dr. Samuel Baskin became the consortium's first president in 1965. 1969 The name "The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities" is adopted." https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://myunion.edu/who-is-union-institute-university/ ↩
  49. Pearson Clinical, author page for Goodwin Watson (publisher's biography). https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/products/authors/watson-goodwin.html ↩
  50. Theodore M. Newcomb, "Goodwin Watson (1899-1976)," American Psychologist 34, no. 5 (May 1979): 433-434 (bibliographic record). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078567 ↩

Connected to by shared pages

7 shared · Organizationvia Hans Simons, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, CIAA
Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service
5 shared · Organizationvia Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Office of War Information, Rand Corporation
Office of War Information
5 shared · Personvia Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Office of War Information, Rand Corporation
Hans Speier
6 shared · Organizationvia Hans Simons, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Office of War Information
New School for Social Research
6 shared · Personvia Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, CIAA, Office of War Information
Nelson Rockefeller
5 shared · Organizationvia Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, CIAA, Office of War Information
Office of Strategic Services
5 shared · Organizationvia Hans Simons, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Office of War Information
Rockefeller Foundation
3 shared · Personvia Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, CIAA
Franklin D. Roosevelt

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